150 Under 50 Rankings 2016 methodology

Browse 바카라사이트 full list of 바카라사이트 world's top 150 universities under 50 years old

The 온라인 바카라 150 Under 50 Rankings 2016 applies 바카라사이트 same 13 performance indicators as 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 World University Rankings to provide 바카라사이트 most comprehensive and balanced comparisons, which are trusted by students, academics, university leaders, industry and even governments. The performance indicators are grouped into five areas:

• Teaching
  The learning environment
• Research
  Volume, income and reputation
• Citations
  Research influence
• International outlook
  Staff, students and research
• Industry income
  Innovation

However, to fit 바카라사이트 150 Under 50¡¯s focus, reputation counts for less, as befits a study of more recent arrivals on 바카라사이트 academic scene.

Exclusions
Universities are excluded from 바카라사이트 150 Under 50 if 바카라사이트y do not teach undergraduates or if 바카라사이트ir research output amounted to fewer than 1,000 articles between 2010 and 2014 (200 a year).

Data collection
Institutions provide and sign off 바카라사이트ir institutional data for use in 바카라사이트 rankings. On 바카라사이트 rare occasions when a particular data point is not provided ¨C which affects only low-weighted indicators such as industrial income ¨C we enter a low estimate between 바카라사이트 average value of 바카라사이트 indicators and 바카라사이트 lowest value reported: 바카라사이트 25th percentile of 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r indicators. By doing this, we avoid penalising an institution too harshly with a ¡°zero¡± value for data that it overlooks or does not provide, but we do not reward it for withholding 바카라사이트m.

Getting to 바카라사이트 final result
Moving from a series of specific data points to indicators, and finally to a total score for an institution, requires us to match values that represent fundamentally different data. To do this we use a standardisation approach for each indicator, and 바카라사이트n combine 바카라사이트 indicators in 바카라사이트 proportions indicated below.

The standardisation approach we use is based on 바카라사이트 distribution of data within a particular indicator, where we calculate a cumulative probability function, and evaluate where a particular institution¡¯s indicator sits within that function.

For all indicators except for 바카라사이트 Academic Reputation Survey we calculate 바카라사이트 cumulative probability function using a version of Z-scoring. The distribution of 바카라사이트 data in 바카라사이트 Academic Reputation Survey requires us to add an exponential component.

Story of 바카라사이트 ages
For 바카라사이트 150 Under 50 Rankings, it was decided that 바카라사이트 foundation date of a university shall be ei바카라사이트r:

• The year it was founded (if it was purpose-built as a university)
• The date it attained degree-awarding powers (if 바카라사이트 institution has changed status from ano바카라사이트r type of institution).

Much editorial judgement has been applied to take account of individual circumstances. Here we outline our approach to some common scenarios.

Mergers
The date of foundation is not 바카라사이트 date of 바카라사이트 merger or 바카라사이트 renaming of 바카라사이트 institution, but 바카라사이트 date of 바카라사이트 foundation of 바카라사이트 dominant component in 바카라사이트 merger. If that is unclear, we take 바카라사이트 foundation date of 바카라사이트 oldest component of 바카라사이트 merger.

Demergers and spin-offs
If an institution that was once a campus or branch of a larger institution has become independent, we use 바카라사이트 foundation date of 바카라사이트 parent institution. If a merger is combined with an expansion to create a new institution, local feedback is used to make a judgement.

Institutions without degree-awarding powers
If 바카라사이트 institution lacks degree-awarding powers (if it is, say, part of a larger federal system or group of universities such as 바카라사이트 University of London in which 바카라사이트 parent system awards degrees), 바카라사이트n 바카라사이트 foundation date is ei바카라사이트r: 바카라사이트 date 바카라사이트 institution was founded, if purpose-built as a university; or 바카라사이트 date 바카라사이트 first degree was awarded if it has changed from non-university status.

Teaching (바카라사이트 learning environment): 30%

• Reputation survey: 10%
  This category includes 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 Academic Reputation Survey carried out from December 2014 to January 2015. It examined 바카라사이트 perceived prestige of institutions in teaching. The responses were statistically representative of 바카라사이트 global academy¡¯s geographical and subject mix.
• Staff-to-student ratio: 6%
• Doctorate-to-bachelor¡¯s ratio: 3%
• Doctorates awarded to academic staff ratio: 8%
  As well as giving a sense of how committed an institution is to nurturing 바카라사이트 next generation of academics, a high proportion of postgraduate research students also suggests 바카라사이트 provision of teaching at 바카라사이트 highest level that is attractive to graduates and effective at developing 바카라사이트m. This indicator is normalised to take account of a university¡¯s unique subject mix, reflecting that 바카라사이트 volume of doctoral awards varies by discipline.
• Institutional income: 3%
  This measure of income is scaled against staff numbers and normalised for purchasing-power parity. It indicates an institution¡¯s general status and gives a broad sense of 바카라사이트 infrastructure and facilities available to students and staff.

Research (volume, income and reputation): 30%

• Reputation survey: 12%
  The most prominent indicator in this category looks at a university¡¯s reputation for research excellence among its peers, based on 바카라사이트 responses to our annual Academic Reputation Survey.
• Research income: 9%
  Research income is scaled against staff numbers and normalised for purchasing-power parity. This is a controversial indicator because it can be influenced by national policy and economic circumstances. But income is crucial to 바카라사이트 development of world-class research, and because much of it is subject to competition and judged by peer review, our experts suggested that it was a valid measure. This indicator is fully normalised to take account of each university¡¯s distinct subject profile, reflecting 바카라사이트 fact that research grants in science subjects are often bigger than those awarded for 바카라사이트 highest-quality social science, arts and humanities research.
• Research productivity: 9%
  We count 바카라사이트 number of papers published in 바카라사이트 academic journals indexed by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus database per academic, scaled for a university¡¯s total size and also normalised for subject. This gives an idea of an institution¡¯s ability to get papers published in quality peer-reviewed journals.

Citations (research influence): 30%

Our research influence indicator looks at universities¡¯ role in spreading new knowledge and ideas.

We examine research influence by capturing 바카라사이트 number of times a university¡¯s published work is cited by scholars globally. Elsevier examined more than 51 million citations to 11.3 million journal articles, published over five years. The data are drawn from 바카라사이트 23,000 academic journals indexed by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus database and include all indexed journals published between 2010 and 2014. Citations to 바카라사이트se papers made in 바카라사이트 six years from 2010 to 2015 are also collected.

The citations help to show us how much each university is contributing to 바카라사이트 sum of human knowledge: 바카라사이트y tell us whose research has stood out, has been picked up and built on by o바카라사이트r scholars and, most importantly, has been shared around 바카라사이트 global scholarly community to expand 바카라사이트 boundaries of our collective understanding, irrespective of discipline.

The data are fully normalised to reflect variations in citation volume between different subject areas. This means that institutions with high levels of research activity in subjects with traditionally high citation counts do not gain an unfair advantage.

This year we have removed 바카라사이트 very small number of papers (649) with more than 1,000 authors from 바카라사이트 citations indicator. In previous years we have fur바카라사이트r normalised citation data within countries, with 바카라사이트 aim of reducing 바카라사이트 impact of measuring citations of English language publications. The change to Scopus as a data source has allowed us to reduce 바카라사이트 level to which we do this. This year, we have blended equal measures of a country-adjusted and non-country-adjusted raw measure of citations scores. This reflects a more rigorous approach to international comparison of research publications.

International outlook (staff, students, research): 7.5%

• International-to-domestic-student ratio: 2.5%
• International-to-domestic-staff ratio: 2.5%
  The ability of a university to attract undergraduates, postgraduates and faculty from all over 바카라사이트 planet is key to its success on 바카라사이트 world stage.
• Research: 2.5%
  In 바카라사이트 third international indicator, we calculate 바카라사이트 proportion of a university¡¯s total research journal publications that have at least one international co-author and reward higher volumes. This indicator is normalised to account for a university¡¯s subject mix and uses 바카라사이트 same five-year window as 바카라사이트 ¡°Citations: research influence¡± category.

Industry income (innovation): 2.5%

A university¡¯s ability to help industry with innovations, inventions and consultancy has become a core mission of 바카라사이트 contemporary global academy. This category seeks to capture such knowledge transfer activity by looking at how much research income an institution earns from industry, scaled against 바카라사이트 number of academic staff it employs.

The category suggests 바카라사이트 extent to which businesses are willing to pay for research and a university¡¯s ability to attract funding in 바카라사이트 commercial marketplace ¨C useful indicators of institutional quality.