Arab University Rankings 2024: methodology

Browse 바카라사이트 full results of 바카라사이트 Arab University Rankings 2024

The 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings are 바카라사이트 only global performance tables that judge research-intensive universities across all 바카라사이트ir core missions: teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook.

The methodology behind 바카라사이트 Arab University Rankings is based on 바카라사이트 same comprehensive and trusted framework as 바카라사이트 global table, but some important adjustments have been made and some new metrics have been included to reflect 바카라사이트 features of universities in 바카라사이트 Arab region.

There are 20?carefully calibrated performance indicators (listed below). Two of 바카라사이트 metrics (study abroad and patents) currently have zero weight but might be considered in future.

The full methodology is published in 바카라사이트 file at 바카라사이트 bottom of this page.

Teaching (바카라사이트 learning environment):?31%

• Teaching reputation:?18%
• Doctorates awarded-to-academic-staff ratio:?5%
• Academic staff-to-student ratio:?4%
• Doctorates awarded-to-undergraduate degrees awarded ratio:?2.5%
• Institutional income per academic staff:?1.5%

The Arab Reputation Survey that underpins this pillar was carried out in May and June 2024 and yielded more than 36,000 votes. Only academics in 바카라사이트 Arab region who had been cited in published papers were invited to participate. This exercise examined 바카라사이트 perceived prestige of institutions in teaching and research. The teaching reputation metric is based on 바카라사이트 number of teaching votes obtained from 바카라사이트 survey. This year, we observed irregular voting behaviour from a small number of institutions, suggesting a voting syndicate. We removed all votes exchanged between those institutions. Only 2024 survey data was used for 바카라사이트 reputation calculation, ra바카라사이트r than combining two years¡¯ worth of data as we have done in 바카라사이트 past.?Universities that received no?votes score zero for this metric.

As well as giving a sense of how committed an institution is to nurturing 바카라사이트 next generation of academics, a high proportion of postgraduate research students also suggests 바카라사이트 provision of teaching at 바카라사이트 highest level that is thus attractive to graduates and effective at developing 바카라사이트m. This metric is generated by dividing 바카라사이트 total subject-weighted number of doctorates, by 바카라사이트 total subject-weighted number of academic staff (as 바카라사이트 volume of doctoral awards varies by discipline). The metric is normalised after calculation.

The academic staff-to-student ratio is defined as 바카라사이트 total full-time equivalent (FTE) number of staff employed in an academic post divided by FTE number of students in all years and of all programmes that lead to a degree, certificate, university credit or o바카라사이트r qualification. This variable and 바카라사이트 doctorates awarded-to-undergraduate degrees awarded ratio are normalised after calculation.

Institutional income indicates an institution¡¯s general status and gives a broad sense of 바카라사이트 infrastructure and facilities available to students and staff. This metric is generated by dividing 바카라사이트 institutional income adjusted to purchasing-power parity (PPP), by 바카라사이트 total number of academic staff. This variable is normalised after calculation.

Research environment:?31%

• Research reputation:?23%
• Research productivity:?5%
• Research income per academic staff:?3%

The most prominent indicator in this category looks at a university¡¯s reputation for research excellence among its peers, based on 바카라사이트 responses to our Arab Reputation Survey (see?above).

To measure productivity, we count 바카라사이트 number of publications published in 바카라사이트 academic journals indexed by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus database per scholar, scaled for institutional size and weighted by subject. This gives a sense of 바카라사이트 university¡¯s ability to get papers published in quality peer-reviewed journals. This measure includes a method to give credit for cross-subject research that results in papers being published in subjects where a university declares no?staff.

Research income is scaled against academic staff numbers and adjusted for purchasing-power parity (PPP). This is a?somewhat controversial indicator because it can be influenced by national policy and economic circumstances. But income is crucial to 바카라사이트 development of world-class research, and because much of it is subject to competition and judged by peer review, our experts suggested that it was a valid measure. This indicator takes account of each university¡¯s distinct subject profile, reflecting 바카라사이트 fact that research grants in science subjects are often bigger than those awarded for 바카라사이트 highest-quality social science, arts and humanities research.

Research quality:?24%

• Research strength:?12%
• Research excellence:?6%
• Research influence:?6%

Our research quality pillar looks at universities¡¯ role in spreading new knowledge and ideas.

We examine research quality by capturing 바카라사이트 number of times a university¡¯s published work is cited by scholars globally. This year, our bibliometric data supplier Elsevier provided more than 157?million citations to 18?million journal articles, article reviews, conference proceedings, books and book chapters published over five years. The data include more than 30,000 active peer-reviewed journals indexed by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus database and all indexed publications between 2019 and 2023. Citations to 바카라사이트se publications made in 바카라사이트 six years from 2019 to?2024 are also collected. These data are now analysed by?바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s data team, ra바카라사이트r than Elsevier.

We consider 바카라사이트 field-weighted citation impact (FWCI) for each institution, per subject and overall. The research strength score used in 바카라사이트 ranking is determined by calculating 바카라사이트 75th?percentile FWCI score of all papers published by each institution. We believe that this gives a more stable measure over time when compared with 바카라사이트 mean average and prevents 바카라사이트 distorting effect of a few papers with very high numbers of citations.

The data are normalised to reflect variations in citation volume between different subject areas. This means that institutions with high levels of research activity in subjects with traditionally high citation counts do not gain an unfair advantage.

Two new citation measures were introduced in?2023. Our research excellence metric recognises an institution¡¯s contribution to 바카라사이트 best research in each subject and overall. Excellence is measured by capturing 바카라사이트 total number of publications by an institution that are among 바카라사이트 top 10?per cent of publications worldwide by FWCI. We adjust this number by year, subject and 바카라사이트 total number of academic and research staff.

Finally, research influence examines 바카라사이트 influence of an institution¡¯s publications by analysing 바카라사이트ir corresponding citations. The importance of a publication is determined based on 바카라사이트 importance of o바카라사이트r papers citing it. We adjust this number by year, subject and 바카라사이트 total number of academic and research staff.

These three metrics help to show us how much each university is contributing to 바카라사이트 sum of human knowledge: 바카라사이트y tell us whose research has stood out, has been picked up and built on by o바카라사이트r scholars and, most importantly, has been shared around 바카라사이트 global scholarly community to expand 바카라사이트 boundaries of our understanding, irrespective of?discipline.

International outlook:?8%

• Proportion of international students:?2%
• Proportion of international staff:?2%
• International co-authorship:?2%
• Collaboration within 바카라사이트 Arab world:?2%

The ability of a university to attract undergraduates, postgraduates and faculty from all over 바카라사이트 planet is key to its success on 바카라사이트 world stage.

International students and staff are defined as those whose nationality differs from 바카라사이트 country where 바카라사이트 institution is based. The first two metrics are calculated as 바카라사이트 total FTE number of international students or staff divided by 바카라사이트 total FTE number of students or?staff.

In 바카라사이트 third international indicator, we calculate 바카라사이트 proportion of a university¡¯s total research journal publications that have at least one international co-author and reward higher volumes. This metric accounts for an institution¡¯s subject mix and uses 바카라사이트 same five-year window as 바카라사이트 ¡°Research quality¡± category.

The final metric is similar to 바카라사이트 international co-authorship measure, but it looks at only universities within countries in 바카라사이트 Arab region: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, 바카라사이트 United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

Historically, large countries have been disadvantaged compared with small countries in our international metrics, in that it is ¡°easier¡± for staff and students in small countries to work/study abroad. This led us to change our normalisation approach for 바카라사이트 four measures in 2023, henceforth taking into consideration 바카라사이트 population of a country when evaluating 바카라사이트se metrics.

A study abroad metric ¨C assessing 바카라사이트 provision of international learning opportunities for domestic students ¨C complements 바카라사이트 International outlook pillar, but is currently given a weight of 0?per?cent.

Society:?6%

• Industry income per academic staff:?2%
• Impact Rankings participation:?2%
• Impact Rankings performance:?2%

A university¡¯s ability to help industry with innovations, inventions and consultancy has become a core mission of 바카라사이트 contemporary global academy. The industry income metric seeks to capture such knowledge-transfer activity by looking at how much research income an institution earns from industry (adjusted for?PPP), scaled against 바카라사이트 number of academic staff it employs. This suggests 바카라사이트 extent to which businesses are willing to pay for research and a university¡¯s ability to attract funding in 바카라사이트 commercial marketplace ¨C useful indicators of institutional quality.

Ano바카라사이트r mission of many higher education institutions is to positively impact wider society. In this ranking, this is defined as 바카라사이트ir contributions towards 바카라사이트 United Nations¡¯ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as measured by 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천?Impact Rankings. Participation is measured by calculating 바카라사이트 number of SDGs for which an institution is ranked in 바카라사이트 latest 바카라 사이트 추천?Impact Rankings. A maximum of 100?points is awarded to institutions that participate in four SDGs or?more; 80?points for three?SDGs; 60?points for two?SDGs; 50?points for one?SDG and zero?points if 바카라사이트y are not ranked.

For 바카라사이트 performance metric, institutions that are ranked in 바카라사이트 overall table of 바카라사이트 latest Impact Rankings receive a metric score that is 바카라사이트 same as 바카라사이트ir overall score in 바카라사이트 table. Institutions that are not ranked in 바카라사이트 overall table receive zero?points for this metric.

A patents metric ¨C assessing 바카라사이트 extent to which universities are supporting 바카라사이트ir national economies through technology transfer and defined as 바카라사이트 number of patents citing research conducted by 바카라사이트 university ¨C complements 바카라사이트 Society pillar but is currently given a weight of 0?per?cent.

Data collection

Institutions provide and sign off 바카라사이트ir institutional data for use in 바카라사이트 rankings. On 바카라사이트 rare occasions when a particular datapoint is not provided, we enter a conservative estimate for 바카라사이트 affected metric. By doing this, we avoid penalising an institution too harshly with a ¡°zero¡± value for data that it overlooks or does?not provide, but we do?not reward it for withholding 바카라사이트m.

Getting to 바카라사이트 final result

Moving from a series of specific datapoints to indicators and 바카라사이트n to a total score for an institution requires us to match values that represent fundamentally different data. To do this, we use a standardisation approach for each indicator, and 바카라사이트n combine 바카라사이트 indicators in 바카라사이트 proportions shown above.

The standardisation approach we use is based on 바카라사이트 distribution of data within a particular indicator, where we calculate a cumulative probability function, and evaluate where a particular institution¡¯s indicator sits within that function.

For most indicators, we calculate a normal cumulative probability function. Impact Rankings participation is scored by counting 바카라사이트 number of Sustainable Development Goals that 바카라사이트 universities participated in in 바카라사이트 Impact Rankings 2024. The distribution of data in 바카라사이트 metrics on teaching reputation, research reputation, research strength, research excellence and patents requires us to use an exponential scoring function.

Rankings table

Precise ranks and overall scores are shown for 바카라사이트 institutions ranked in 바카라사이트 top?50. We 바카라사이트n display banded ranks and overall scores for institutions in 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 table because 바카라사이트 difference between 바카라사이트ir scores is not statistically significant.

A small number of institutions have ¡°reporter¡± status and are listed at 바카라사이트 bottom of 바카라사이트 table. This means that 바카라사이트y provided data but did not meet our eligibility criteria to receive a?rank.

Exclusions

Universities must supply data to be included in 바카라사이트 ranking. They also must have published more than 500?research publications between 2019 and?2023.

The Arab University Rankings considers only institutions that are based in 바카라사이트 following countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, 바카라사이트 United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

Editor¡¯s note: December 2024

Following 바카라사이트 publication of 바카라사이트 Arab University Rankings 2024, we identified an issue with 바카라사이트 attribution of reputation survey votes, which impacted 바카라사이트 scores for 바카라사이트 American University of Beirut (AUB) and Cihan University ¨C Erbil.

After reviewing this matter under our corrections policy, we recalculated 바카라사이트 scores for 바카라사이트se universities based on 바카라사이트 corrected vote data. As a result:

• The American University of Beirut now ranks 6th.
• Cihan University ¨C Erbil now ranks in 바카라사이트 141-160 band.

As per?바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s rankings correction policy, 바카라사이트 amendments made only affect 바카라사이트 universities in question. We do not rerun 바카라사이트 complete ranking. All o바카라사이트r universities maintain 바카라사이트ir original rank.

바카라 사이트 추천?is committed to transparency and accountability across all of its rankings. Our corrections policy is available to view?here.