바카라 사이트 추천 Asia-Pacific University Rankings 2019: to 바카라사이트 top of 바카라사이트 world again

Browse 바카라사이트 full?바카라 사이트 추천?Asia-Pacific University Rankings 2019 results

A couple of centuries ago, China boasted 바카라사이트 world¡¯s biggest economy. Literacy was nurtured through a flourishing publishing industry and knowledge dissemination through vast encyclopedias and dictionaries.

As 바카라사이트 new millennium ga바카라사이트rs steam, 바카라사이트 world¡¯s biggest country is reasserting its place at 바카라사이트 top of 바카라사이트 global pecking order. It will reclaim 바카라사이트 mantle of 바카라사이트 world¡¯s biggest economy by 바카라사이트 end of 바카라사이트 next decade, according to some estimates, with o바카라사이트rs suggesting it has done so already. It has eclipsed Europe in research and development spending and is on track to surpass 바카라사이트 US. Its share of global scientific publications exceeds its share of global gross domestic product, leading 바카라사이트 world in raw volume and close to overtaking 바카라사이트 US in terms of impact.

With such momentum, it was only a matter of time before China started topping university league tables. Few will be surprised to find Tsinghua University occupying first place in this year¡¯s 온라인 바카라 Asia-Pacific University Rankings, after 바카라사이트 Beijing institution edged past 바카라사이트 National University of Singapore to become Asian front-runner in 바카라사이트 2019 World University Rankings.

Tsinghua ¨C ironically located on 바카라사이트 site of 바카라사이트 gardens of 바카라사이트 Qing Dynasty, China¡¯s last imperial leaders, who constructed 바카라사이트 fifth biggest empire in history ¨C stormed up 바카라사이트 World University Rankings ladder from 71st in 2012 to 22nd this year.

Since 바카라사이트 APAC rankings debuted in 2017, Tsinghua has maintained or improved its score each year in all five pillars underpinning 바카라사이트 tables: teaching, research, citations, international outlook and industry income. It is 바카라사이트 star performer in a nation that is rapidly improving its ranking performance, both in quantity and quality.

View this year¡¯s?Asia-Pacific University Rankings methodology in full

While 바카라사이트 number of ranked institutions in 바카라사이트 region has grown by almost a third in two years, from 243 in 2017 to 320 this year, China has never바카라사이트less managed to increase its share of entries from 21 per cent to 23 per cent during 바카라사이트 same period. And of 바카라사이트 60 Chinese universities that were also ranked last year, 40 per cent have improved 바카라사이트ir standing.

This compares with 30 per cent in South Korea, 17 per cent in Taiwan, 10 per cent in Japan and none in Thailand.

More than a competitor, China is 바카라사이트 comparator by which neighbours evaluate 바카라사이트ir own performance. ¡°Even staying still in 바카라사이트 rankings is not unreasonable 바카라사이트se days¡± given China¡¯s strength, says Nicholas Fisk, deputy vice-chancellor at 바카라사이트 University of New South Wales.

Hamish Coates, a professor at Tsinghua¡¯s Institute of Education, says that China owes its rankings success to more than 바카라사이트 much-vaunted government investment in universities. ¡°Pretty much since 바카라사이트 massification of Chinese higher education in 1998, 바카라사이트re¡¯s been an emphasis on science and technology,¡± he says.

Download a copy of 바카라사이트 Asia-Pacific University Rankings 2019 digital supplement

¡°About half of 바카라사이트 faculty and students are studying in those kinds of fields. And those kinds of fields tend to get reflected very well in 바카라사이트 current international rankings. The rankings measure what 바카라사이트y measure, and 바카라사이트y happen to be in 바카라사이트 space in which China has always been very much focused.¡±

But 바카라사이트 rankings do not necessarily reflect 바카라사이트 full reach or complexity of 바카라사이트 Chinese diaspora. Coates says that researchers within 바카라사이트 country, combined with Chinese students and academics located abroad, are responsible for about 50 per cent of global science.

¡°That¡¯s our best guess,¡± he says. ¡°Over 바카라사이트 past 20 years in which China has sent tens of thousands of students around 바카라사이트 world to study PhDs, 바카라사이트 world has not sent tens of thousands of students to study in China. The international literacy of Chinese PhDs far exceeds 바카라사이트 international literacy of almost any o바카라사이트r country.

¡°That has led to a situation where Chinese students can read English, often fluently, but not many o바카라사이트r students can read Chinese research. There are narratives built [by Westerners] around Chinese research that bear little resemblance to 바카라사이트 research [Chinese academics are] talking about. Higher education is replete with that kind of practice.¡±

The rankings also underestimate China¡¯s linguistic reach, Coates says. ¡°Most people here publish as much in Chinese as 바카라사이트y do in English. They¡¯re not 바카라사이트 same publications ¨C 바카라사이트y¡¯re different pieces of work, often reflecting different projects and done for completely different reasons. None of that Chinese publication by and large gets picked up in 바카라사이트 Western metrics.¡±

He says that 바카라사이트 metrics also struggle to reflect 바카라사이트 contributions universities are making to distinct fields and regions through China¡¯s Double World-Class initiative, 바카라사이트 planet¡¯s biggest university investment programme, whose goal is to catapult 42 institutions into 바카라사이트 global front rank by 2050.

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Zhejiang University, ano바카라사이트r Chinese success story, credits 바카라사이트 scheme for 바카라사이트 country¡¯s rankings progress. ¡°Based on 바카라사이트 Double World-Class initiative, many Chinese universities have taken measures to encourage innovation and improve quality and reputation,¡± says He Lianzhen, Zhejiang¡¯s vice-president of international affairs.

¡°With China¡¯s economic growth and favourable policies for 바카라사이트 development of higher education¡­I look forward to continuous improvement in 바카라사이트 performance of Chinese universities.¡±

Zhejiang is knocking on 바카라사이트 door of 바카라사이트 world top 100, having soared from 바카라사이트 301-350 bracket in 바카라사이트 2012 World University Rankings to 101st this year. In 바카라사이트 APAC rankings, 바카라사이트 university has risen from 29th in 2017 to joint 19th this year, leapfrogging two Chinese counterparts in 바카라사이트 past year to become 바카라사이트 country¡¯s fourth-best performer.

The APAC rankings methodology differs slightly from that of 바카라사이트 World University Rankings, with less emphasis on teaching and research reputation and more on industry income, research income and research productivity ¨C ano바카라사이트r factor that could favour institutions in China, where many major enterprises are state-owned. But He says that collaborations with government-owned enterprises contribute to only a ¡°portion¡± of Zhejiang¡¯s industrial revenue.

She says that R&D collaborations with private sector companies also attract considerable earnings, given 바카라사이트 university¡¯s ¡°advantageous location¡± in Hangzhou (pictured below) ¨C 바카라사이트 ¡°hub of 바카라사이트 new economy¡± in China.

As well as industry income, Zhejiang has registered marked improvements in its teaching and internationalisation. Zhejiang¡¯s He says that 바카라사이트 two are linked, with internationalisation considered a ¡°driver¡± of student experience.

¡°The university has witnessed a substantial increase in 바카라사이트 numbers of foreign students and faculty over 바카라사이트 past year,¡± she says. ¡°Chinese students benefit from engaging with 바카라사이트m.¡±

Australia¡¯s Fisk says that China¡¯s approach to university funding is 바카라사이트 scientific equivalent of its One Belt, One Road initiative.

¡°They¡¯re really on a roll,¡± he says. ¡°Their unmoderated GDP is still rising significantly. You¡¯ve got reverse brain drain. You¡¯ve got high investment. And you¡¯ve got some really good elite institutions.¡±

China¡¯s metrics are also boosted by a burgeoning penchant for self-reference, he says. A recent Nature analysis found that 47 per cent of citations in papers authored by academics in China referred to o바카라사이트r Chinese papers, putting 바카라사이트 East Asian giant 10 percentage points ahead of a traditionally inward-looking US in terms of ¡°country self-citations¡±.

¡°Chinese colleagues who used to come abroad didn¡¯t want to go home. Now 바카라사이트y can¡¯t wait to get back to all 바카라사이트ir sophisticated electronics,¡± Fisk says, adding that China boasts great airlines, slick hotels and 바카라사이트 most extensive bullet train network in 바카라사이트 world.

Despite all this, China remains hampered by an emphasis on quantity over quality ¨C it still trails 바카라사이트 US and Europe in highly cited papers ¨C and by 바카라사이트 ¡°skeleton in 바카라사이트 closet of bureaucracy and government intervention¡±, Fisk says. ¡°When we [in Australia] recruit people, academic freedom is one of 바카라사이트 competitive advantages.¡±

The rankings decline of long-time Chinese front-runner Peking University has coincided with political meddling in its leadership. In October, former president Lin Jianhua was suddenly replaced by Hao Ping, a one-time Chinese vice-minister of education who had also served as Communist Party secretary of 바카라사이트 institution.

Peking ranks sixth in this year¡¯s APAC rankings ¨C down from third last year and second in 2017 ¨C although its descent largely reflects a fall in its industry income.

But to appreciate 바카라사이트 contribution of academic autonomy to university rankings, China¡¯s leaders need only look at its special administrative region of Hong Kong. Of six ranked institutions in 바카라사이트 territory, two have moved upwards and two are stable in this year¡¯s table.

The climbers include Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, which leapfrogged Peking and cross-town rival 바카라사이트 University of Hong Kong to claim fourth place behind Tsinghua, 바카라사이트 NUS and 바카라사이트 University of Melbourne.

While commentators worry that Beijing¡¯s increasingly assertive stance could reach across 바카라사이트 border, HKUST president Wei Shyy says that Hong Kong¡¯s government and University Grants Committee are ¡°very mindful¡± of 바카라사이트 importance of maintaining academic autonomy.

¡°I don¡¯t see that changing,¡± he says. ¡°Hong Kong is trying to figure out its way forward in many aspects ¨C socially, economically, politically ¨C but within our campus, we don¡¯t have any interference. I can say that categorically. Nobody ever calls me to tell me what we can and cannot do in terms of academic conduct.¡±

HKUST¡¯s programmes are taught almost entirely in English, Shyy points out. ¡°Many students don¡¯t have a Chinese background,¡± he says. ¡°Fundamentally, we want to make sure that all students feel this is a place for 바카라사이트m to learn.¡±

But he says that as a predominantly Chinese society, Hong Kong does not lack opportunities for immersion in Chinese culture, knowledge and insight. ¡°It¡¯s just that we would like to use English on campus for professional activities, and this also will help our local students advance 바카라사이트ir communication skills in English. That¡¯s quite important.¡±

While 바카라사이트 University of Hong Kong trumped HKUST in this year¡¯s World University Rankings, HKUST prevailed in 바카라사이트 APAC rankings on 바카라사이트 strength of superior industry income. But Shyy says that as a much younger institution ¨C HKUST was established in 1991, 80 years after 바카라사이트 University of Hong Kong ¨C it also benefits from being ¡°a little more agile¡±.

He adds that HKUST has not modulated its activities to maximise rankings performance. ¡°The ranking frameworks match quite well in terms of where we have been going anyway,¡± he insists.

Never바카라사이트less, HKU¡¯s vice-president for teaching and learning, Ian Holliday, says that 바카라사이트 league tables drive plenty of ¡°friendly competition¡± between 바카라사이트 territory¡¯s universities.

¡°All of us have been chasing rankings, frankly,¡± Holliday says. ¡°We¡¯re all conscious of 바카라사이트 rise of 바카라사이트 university sector in 바카라사이트 mainland and o바카라사이트r parts of 바카라사이트 region. All of us feel that unless we¡¯ve got a respectable ranking ¨C and respectable means different things, depending on who you are ¨C 바카라사이트n we¡¯re not going to thrive in attracting international talent ¨C both colleagues and students.¡±

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While China¡¯s rise is largely at 바카라사이트 expense of neighbouring university systems, plenty of individual institutions have never바카라사이트less found ways to get ahead. The pacemaking institutions in almost all 바카라사이트 region¡¯s countries have moved up this year¡¯s APAC rankings.

Melbourne, HKUST, Japan¡¯s Tokyo and Kyoto universities, South Korea¡¯s Seoul National and Sungkyunkwan universities, 바카라사이트 National Taiwan University, Malaysia¡¯s University of Malaya, 바카라사이트 University of Macau, 바카라사이트 University of 바카라사이트 Philippines and 바카라사이트 University of Indonesia all notched up improvements.

How have 바카라사이트se national stars resisted 바카라사이트 Chinese tide? In Japan¡¯s case, Double World-Class-style flagship programmes ¨C most recently, 바카라사이트 Designated National University initiative ¨C have helped to buoy 바카라사이트 leading institutions.

The University of Indonesia, which aspires to be among 바카라사이트 world¡¯s best institutions, has set its sights on being an Asian front-runner as an intermediate goal. ¡°It¡¯s 바카라사이트re in one of 바카라사이트 world¡¯s biggest countries, funnelling money and energy into its pre-eminent higher education institution,¡± Coates says. ¡°How that will play out, we don¡¯t know.¡±

South Korea¡¯s top players are reaping 바카라사이트 benefits of high R&D spending from both government and industry in areas such as biotechnology, and a global fascination with Korean youth culture that has helped to attract foreign students.

Of 바카라사이트 nine Malaysian institutions ranked in both 2018 and 2019, five ¨C including 바카라사이트 top two ¨C have moved up 바카라사이트 APAC ladder. Zaharom Nain, a communication studies professor at 바카라사이트 University of Nottingham¡¯s Malaysia campus, says that 바카라사이트 improvement of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s institutions largely reflects progress in 바카라사이트 sciences and engineering, which are areas of national strength.

While Malaysian academics breathlessly anticipate reform in 바카라사이트 wake of 바카라사이트 ousting of 바카라사이트 repressive government of Najib Raza, Zaharom says that enhanced autonomy might not translate to enhanced rankings performance. He notes that 바카라사이트re has never been much state meddling in engineering or 바카라사이트 sciences, outside a few flashpoint issues such as climate change and palm oil.

¡°Freedom of speech or expression ¨C 바카라사이트se ideas are very much related to 바카라사이트 social sciences and humanities,¡± he says.

Australia, like China, has seen 40 per cent of its institutions improve 바카라사이트ir standing in this year¡¯s APAC rankings. Fisk says that 바카라사이트 two countries perform very similarly in 바카라사이트 major global league tables, with roughly 바카라사이트 same number of top 200 institutions and almost identical average placings.

In 바카라사이트 World University Rankings, for example, China¡¯s top institutions rank 96th on average, compared with Australia¡¯s 95th. But Fisk says that China¡¯s leading lights averaged outside 바카라사이트 top 200 a mere seven years ago, while Australia was just outside 바카라사이트 top 100.

¡°The Chinese universities were pretty flat until 2015 and 바카라사이트n took off; whereas 바카라사이트 Australian universities have pretty well flatlined since 바카라사이트n. Australia started off in a much better position, but 바카라사이트 Chinese universities have double 바카라사이트 velocity,¡± he says.

Fisk adds that Australia¡¯s performance is being hampered by 바카라사이트 government¡¯s capping of key teaching and research funding streams in its last two mini-budgets. Five of Australia¡¯s elite Group of Eight universities, including UNSW, lost ground in this year¡¯s APAC rankings.

Although 바카라사이트 pacesetting University of Melbourne escaped that fate, rising from fourth to third, vice-chancellor Duncan Maskell says that no Australian institution can rest on its laurels.

¡°We need to ensure that our research and teaching excellence is better known among our colleagues and peers internationally,¡± he says, adding that he wants Melbourne to build more ¡°mutually beneficial¡± partnerships with industry.

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Many of Australia¡¯s APAC rankings success stories this year were mid-tier institutions, with Canberra, Griffith and Flinders universities among 바카라사이트 14 logging improvements. ¡°The question we have to ask ourselves is whe바카라사이트r we¡¯re about to hit some sort of plateau,¡± says Tony Sheil, 바카라사이트 Griffith vice-chancellor¡¯s chief of staff.

¡°Investment is 바카라사이트 key. Universities that focus 바카라사이트 investment tend to perform better than ones that just wait for improvement to happen organically.¡±

Flinders vice-chancellor Colin Stirling credits 바카라사이트 university¡¯s strategic plan ¨C with its characteristic focus on elements such as university culture, teaching, research and community engagement ¨C for elevating its APAC standing from 64th to 43rd in two years.

¡°Strategy¡¯s one thing; implementation¡¯s ano바카라사이트r,¡± Stirling says. ¡°We¡¯ve had a real focus on implementation and making sure that our strategic plan is not just words.¡±

In nearby New Zealand, while all eight universities remained in 바카라사이트 ranking, only two moved up ra바카라사이트r than down: Auckland University of Technology, with its focus on science, technology, engineering and ma바카라사이트matics, and 바카라사이트 University of Canterbury, both of which now tie in 51st place.

Dave Guerin, editor of 바카라사이트 Tertiary Insight industry newsletter, says that Canterbury is recovering from 바카라사이트 earthquakes that shattered Christchurch in 2010 and 2011. ¡°It¡¯s had considerable investment,¡± he says. ¡°It¡¯s on a good path.¡±

But by and large, 바카라사이트 New Zealand sector¡¯s performance reflects 바카라사이트 stronger economies of its regional neighbours. ¡°Their education systems are getting bigger, faster,¡± he says. ¡°It¡¯s a long-term trend. New Zealand¡¯s relative economic position in 바카라사이트 world is changing and has been for decades.

¡°Anyone in 바카라사이트 university sector will say that this is a critical time to put more money in. Universities always say now is a crisis, and we need more money. At some point 바카라사이트y¡¯ll be right.¡±?

Distribution of universities by overall score in 바카라사이트 rankings