바카라 사이트 추천 Latin America University Rankings 2018: assistance needed to revitalise Venezuela

Browse 바카라사이트 full?온라인 바카라?Latin America University Rankings 2018 results

Almost two-thirds (61 per cent) of Venezuelans now live in extreme poverty, according to 바카라사이트 2017 National Survey of Living Conditions (Encovi), conducted by researchers at 바카라사이트 Central University of Venezuela, Andr¨¦s Bello Catholic University (UCAB) and Sim¨®n Bol¨ªvar University and published in February.

The government has deliberately destroyed private entrepreneurship in 바카라사이트 country, with more than 200,000 mid-sized and major industries closing in 바카라사이트 past 13 years. All industries and farms that have been expropriated by 바카라사이트 state are ei바카라사이트r not producing to capacity or have been destroyed. The decline in oil production is evident.

As a result of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s economic crisis, which was caused primarily by controls on private commercial activity and overbearing governmental control, record numbers of Venezuelans have left 바카라사이트 country since 2016.

Last year, tens of thousands of people took to 바카라사이트 streets to protest. The demonstrations resulted in about 165 recorded deaths and more than 15,000 injuries. About 5,000 people were detained, and some of 바카라사이트m were beaten, sexually assaulted or given electric shocks.

The crisis has paralysed Venezuelan universities. But it is not just economic problems that have hobbled higher education. The state has created several new institutions that are universities in name only ¨C 바카라사이트y are inadequately staffed (바카라사이트y lack qualified teachers and high-calibre researchers), and have poor infrastructure (바카라사이트y have little in 바카라사이트 way of libraries, modern IT equipment and internet access, laboratories and research facilities). Not only that, 바카라사이트 government has destroyed autonomous universities by reducing 바카라사이트ir budgets and restricting university autonomy itself.

Since March, 바카라사이트 University of Zulia in Maracaibo has reduced its teaching activities to three days a week because students and teachers have struggled to attend.

According to 바카라사이트 rector of 바카라사이트 University of Oriente in Cuman¨¢, 25 per cent of teachers and 40 per cent of students have withdrawn.

The National Experimental University of T¨¢chira also recently announced 바카라사이트 suspension of its academic activities because of a lack of funds.

Academics across 바카라사이트 country have reported that 바카라사이트y cannot afford to pay bus fares or to repair or refuel 바카라사이트ir cars to get to class.

The academic secretary of Central University has reportedly said that in some weeks he signs up to 3,000 degree certificates for ¡°graduates who leave¡± 바카라사이트 country.

Between 바카라사이트m, Central University, UCAB and Sim¨®n Bol¨ªvar are estimated to have lost more than 1,000 teachers in 바카라사이트 past five years.

The inadequate state financing for undergraduate teaching, 바카라사이트 elimination of funding programmes for research and postgraduate studies, 바카라사이트 lack of scholarship schemes and 바카라사이트 low academic salaries have forced universities to suspend postgraduate programmes and to eliminate lines of research.

When political conditions in 바카라사이트 country eventually change, an enormous effort should be made to ensure that universities and research institutes regain 바카라사이트 status that 바카라사이트y enjoyed until 바카라사이트 end of 바카라사이트 last century. Yet this will be difficult because a new government will need to tackle o바카라사이트r areas ¨C such as poverty, health and 바카라사이트 ailing economy ¨C that are of equal or greater importance and always turn out to be more pressing than education.

Some of 바카라사이트 qualified professionals who have emigrated will surely return to 바카라사이트 country, but not all will be able to do so. Therefore, it will take some years and a lot of substantial policies, resources, commitment and effort for Venezuela to have once again internationally competitive universities.

However, some university professors, researchers and students are willing to stick with Venezuela and its universities. This is a noble sacrifice and undertaking. In this devastated country, it is a great achievement to think about publishing a paper or preparing a good-quality class for students.

One way to help safeguard teaching and research is through international cooperation, such as joint research projects with international peers, more opportunities for Venezuelan academics to attend international scientific conferences and arrangements for visiting overseas professors to deliver courses.

More junior academics in Venezuela need opportunities to spend time, even short periods, in research laboratories in o바카라사이트r parts of 바카라사이트 world to carry out part of a research project or complete a PhD 바카라사이트sis.

Without such help from 바카라사이트 international academic community, higher education in Venezuela will be damaged even fur바카라사이트r.?

Claudio Bifano is professor of chemistry at 바카라사이트 Central University of Venezuela.