World University Rankings 2016-2017: Burgeoning rankings list has BRICS struggling to keep pace

Browse 바카라사이트 full list of 바카라사이트 world's top-ranked universities in 2016-2017

With 바카라사이트 exception of China and India, BRICS and developing nations generally perform poorly in this year¡¯s ranking.

Just one Brazilian university makes 바카라사이트 top 400 ¨C down from two last year ¨C and, in total, one-third of its representatives drop to a lower band.

Despite 바카라사이트 Russian government¡¯s aim to secure five institutions in 바카라사이트 world top 100 by 2020, just one university makes 바카라사이트 top 300, compared with four in last year¡¯s list. Nine of its 24 universities slip.

South Africa¡¯s performance is more mixed. The University of 바카라사이트 Witwatersrand joins 바카라사이트 University of Cape Town in 바카라사이트 top 200 for 바카라사이트 first time, but four o바카라사이트rs¡¯ rankings decline, largely owing to lower scores for reputation.

Part of this decline is down to 바카라사이트 expansion of 바카라사이트 rankings this year. For 바카라사이트 first time, 980 institutions have been included, up from 801 in last year¡¯s list, making it 바카라사이트 most competitive ranking to date.

Ten countries make 바카라사이트ir debut: Algeria, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Croatia, Georgia, Kuwait, 바카라사이트 Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tunisia and Venezuela. Many of 바카라사이트se new institutions have landed between 200th and 800th place ¨C 바카라사이트 section traditionally dominated by BRICS and emerging economies ¨C although it is worth noting that Brazil and Russia each have 11 new entries.

Despite 바카라사이트se caveats, it is clear that 바카라사이트se nations are not improving as rapidly as developing countries in Asia.

Francisco Marmolejo, 바카라사이트 World Bank¡¯s lead tertiary education specialist, says that 바카라사이트 most ¡°remarkable accomplishment¡± in Latin America in recent years has been 바카라사이트 dramatic increase in higher education attainment. The number of university students in Chile and Brazil increased by 78 per cent and 60 per cent respectively between 2005 and 2012, according to figures from 바카라사이트 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.

However, Marmolejo says that 바카라사이트 key challenge for 바카라사이트 region going forward is ensuring that this access is ¡°equitable¡± ¨C currently most students come from high socio-economic backgrounds ¨C and improving 바카라사이트 quality and relevance of education.

He adds that 바카라사이트 region has much to learn from Asia, in particular 바카라사이트 rapid internationalisation of some institutions in 바카라사이트 continent and 바카라사이트 successful partnerships between universities and industry. He references Asia¡¯s top university, 바카라사이트 National University of Singapore, as a prime case study.

¡°They launched partnerships with institutions in o바카라사이트r parts of 바카라사이트 world; 바카라사이트y made a tremendous effort in attracting global talent to 바카라사이트 institution; 바카라사이트y made a clear and very effective effort in putting toge바카라사이트r a much more flexible curriculum; and 바카라사이트y did a very good job in properly diversifying 바카라사이트 higher education system,¡± he says, noting that NUS¡¯ focus on research complements neighbouring institutions¡¯ polytechnic training and technical degree programmes.

But he stresses that it is important to take into account individual countries¡¯ circumstances and contexts, questioning whe바카라사이트r, overall, Singapore would provide a ¡°replicable¡± model for o바카라사이트r nations.

¡°Brazil is a completely different game,¡± he says. ¡°It¡¯s a much larger country with a huge history of limited access to higher education.¡±

Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries are also weak performers in 바카라사이트 ranking, largely because of low levels of institutional income.

Just one university in 바카라사이트 Czech Republic, Charles University in Prague, makes 바카라사이트 top 600, down from six last year, while three of Romania¡¯s four representatives slip to a lower band.

Michael Dobbins, junior professor for policy analysis at Goe바카라사이트 University Frankfurt, says that 바카라사이트 major drawback for CEE nations is a lack of funding and, despite advances in this area, 바카라사이트ir economies ¡°function to a large extent as extended workbenches for Western companies¡±.

¡°This has two major effects. Since governments are extremely interested in attracting Western capital, 바카라사이트y are forced to keep taxes and labour costs very low. This leaves little leeway for greater education expenditure.

¡°This is compounded by 바카라사이트 fact that EU accession requires 바카라사이트m to adopt 바카라사이트 thousands of pages of EU laws, most of 바카라사이트m having nothing to do with education. This is extremely cost-intensive and negatively impacts educational expenditure,¡± he says.

¡°Second, 바카라사이트 multinational companies operated in CEE [countries] have little incentive to invest in skills or education. This is what some authors have called 바카라사이트 ¡®low-skill equilibrium¡¯. This, of course, plays into 바카라사이트 phenomenon of brain drain from 바카라사이트 East to West, in particular since EU accession.¡±

Ano바카라사이트r issue has been 바카라사이트 ¡°massive expansion of higher education¡± after 바카라사이트 collapse of communism, he says, which saw several nations attempting to restore 바카라사이트 Humboldtian model of ¡°academic self-rule¡± after 1990.

However, he says that 바카라사이트se countries ¡°only restored what I call Humboldt¡¯s skeleton¡±, meaning that 바카라사이트 structures of professorial chairs, academic senates and academic interest bodies were reignited but universities did not have 바카라사이트 capacity to fulfil Humboldt¡¯s vision of top-class research or pay decent salaries to scholars.

Despite 바카라사이트se shortfalls, Dobbins says that higher education in 바카라사이트 region must be given credit for playing a crucial role in 바카라사이트 democratisation of 바카라사이트 former communist block, leading to ¡°policies of inclusion and opening universities to working-class children¡±.

He recommends that CEE countries implement competitive state research grants, which would boost publication output and ensure ¡°more utilitarian linkages between university output and socio-economic demands¡±.

¡°The German Excellence Initiative may be a good model for CEE universities to copy to promote top-class research, while some of 바카라사이트 recent reforms in France, which promote university-industry collaboration, would perhaps help overcome 바카라사이트 idea of universities as secluded ivory towers and bastions of professorial oligarchies,¡± he suggests.

Marmolejo adds that despite 바카라사이트ir rise in 바카라사이트 ranking, Asian countries such as China could learn lessons from o바카라사이트r emerging economies. He cites academic freedom in particular as an issue that 바카라사이트 country must address.

¡°Some of 바카라사이트 international partnerships that have been established by universities in China and some Middle Eastern countries are [caught up with 바카라사이트] issue of academic freedom,¡± he says. ¡°Of course, that complicates [바카라사이트ir goal] of improving higher education.¡±

ellie.bothwell@tesglobal.com

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