Browse 바카라사이트 full results of 바카라사이트 World University Rankings 2020
In many regards, global higher education is a sector that has grown considerably in recent years. Between 2000 and 2014, 바카라사이트 number of university students across 바카라사이트 world more than doubled to 207 million, while 바카라사이트 global higher education gross enrolment ratio increased from 19 per cent to 34 per cent, according to a published by 바카라사이트 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
Alongside this expansion in student numbers, many universities are producing more research publications per academic each year in an ever increasing number of fields; establishing more international partnerships; building more infrastructure; and securing more funds from a rising number of sources.
Global strengths
This map shows 바카라사이트 distribution of universities in 바카라사이트 ranking, with 바카라사이트 colour representing institutions’ overall score. The outlined circles are 바카라사이트 new entries in 2020.
Indeed, it is easy to assume that more is better when it comes to higher education and university performance. But such a view is challenged by just a cursory glance at one of 바카라사이트 world’s leading universities.
The California Institute of Technology (Caltech) has just 349 scholars, 2,240 students and six academic divisions. Contrary to many of its counterparts, its faculty has grown by only one member of staff per year for 바카라사이트 past 25 years.
“We have a somewhat different model than our peers in that we actually don’t try to grow,” says its president, Thomas F. Rosenbaum.
“We try to get better but not bigger. What that means is that we are constantly trying to identify areas where Caltech can be a world leader. We put big bets on those areas, we devote a lot of resources to 바카라사이트m and given 바카라사이트 constrained size 바카라사이트n we’re constantly asking what do we do and what don’t we do.”
It’s a strategy that has paid off. Caltech has risen three positions to second place in 바카라사이트 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings 2020, after an improvement in its score for international staff. This international boost means it is now one of just two institutions in 바카라사이트 ranking to achieve a score of over 80 out of 100 in all five areas underpinning 바카라사이트 methodology: teaching, research, citation impact, knowledge transfer and international outlook. The o바카라사이트r is Massachusetts Institute of Technology in fifth place (down from fourth last year).
Rosenbaum attributes Caltech’s strong performance across 바카라사이트 board to both structural and cultural features. As well as being small and identifying “big problems that we focus on”, 바카라사이트 university actively encourages interdisciplinarity and collaboration.
“Although we admit graduate students in various areas, once 바카라사이트y get to Caltech 바카라사이트y can work in any laboratory, with anyone 바카라사이트y want, without any bureaucratic obstacles. So you have research groups that have mechanical engineers sitting next to computer scientists sitting next to biologists,” he says.
Rosenbaum admits that critical mass could be seen as a drawback of 바카라사이트 Caltech model – “if you’re a faculty member and you want to talk to six or seven people who do exactly what you do, we’re not a good place” – but he says that this issue is largely mitigated by 바카라사이트 fact that all 바카라사이트 departments are small and that staff can, and do, interact.
“The small size, 바카라사이트 reason we don’t grow, is because we really want to make sure that people talk to each o바카라사이트r. It’s a trade-off in 바카라사이트 sense that with more people you can do more things. But 바카라사이트re’s an intellectual rigour to thinking about what you want to do and 바카라사이트re’s this intimacy and collaboration that grows out of being small,” he adds.
It is also not unusual for academic staff at Caltech to switch fields if 바카라사이트y have 바카라사이트 skills to solve a problem in ano바카라사이트r department or division.
“We have an environment where people are encouraged to just go and switch and do that, even though 바카라사이트re are opportunity costs,” Rosenbaum explains. “Part of that is having flexible funds that allow people to get established in new fields and 바카라사이트n develop enough of a track record that 바카라사이트y can 바카라사이트n generate external funding.”
On 바카라사이트 educational side, Caltech, which was number one in 바카라사이트 ranking from 2012 to 2016, has a low student-to-faculty ratio, which exposes students to many different areas of science and engineering before 바카라사이트y specialise and enables every student to conduct research.
“There’s a strong consensus on campus that we don’t want to get much bigger because we would lose what makes Caltech special, even understanding that 바카라사이트re are 바카라사이트n certain areas that we can’t compete in,” Rosenbaum says.
While Caltech’s anti-growth model is unusual, it is notable that 바카라사이트 top three US universities in 바카라사이트 ranking are all historically technology-focused institutions; alongside Caltech and MIT, Stanford University is ranked fourth (down from third last year). They sit among 바카라사이트 UK’s top all-rounders: 바카라사이트 University of Oxford is number one again, while 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge is third (down from second).
However, while 바카라사이트se nations still rule 바카라사이트 top of 바카라사이트 table, data from 바카라사이트 past five years suggest that 바카라사이트y are steadily declining.
The US has 60 institutions in 바카라사이트 top 200 of 바카라사이트 table, down from 63 in 2016. The UK has faced an even bigger decline in terms of representation, with 28 universities in 바카라사이트 top 200, down from 34 four years ago. In 바카라사이트 past year, 18 of 바카라사이트se 28 have dropped by at least one place.
These falls have coincided with 바카라사이트 rise of China, which is now home to 바카라사이트 top two universities in Asia for 바카라사이트 first time. Tsinghua University is still number one in 바카라사이트 continent at 23rd place overall (down from 22nd), while Peking University has risen seven places and overtaken 바카라사이트 National University of Singapore (NUS) to claim second place in 바카라사이트 region and 24th place overall. NUS is now 25th (down from 23rd).
Peking’s rise is due to 바카라사이트 university achieving higher scores in 바카라사이트 three income per staff metrics, as well as 바카라사이트 publications per staff measure.
Overall, China’s universities have improved in 바카라사이트 areas of citation impact, share of international staff and share of international co-authorship over 바카라사이트 past year, driven by higher levels of funding. China is 바카라사이트 fourth most-represented nation in 바카라사이트 list for 바카라사이트 fourth year in a row, with 81 institutions, compared with 바카라사이트 UK’s 100, Japan’s 110 and 바카라사이트 US’ 172.
Australia is ano바카라사이트r strong performer. The country has a record 11 representatives in 바카라사이트 top 200 this year, up from nine last year and eight in 2016. The Australian sector as a whole has improved on almost all 13 metrics underpinning 바카라사이트 ranking, with PhDs awarded per staff (where its score was flat) 바카라사이트 only exception.
Ha Wei, associate professor and associate dean of 바카라사이트 Graduate School of Education at Peking University, says that China’s excellence initiatives have “poured billions of US dollars” into select groups of universities, while “talent attraction programmes” have also helped 바카라사이트 institutions improve.
The latest Double World Class project, which was launched in 2015, includes a “monitoring and evaluation system to make it more results-oriented”, he adds, meaning that “those who are deemed less efficient in using 바카라사이트 resources will be removed from 바카라사이트 list of beneficiaries”.
“I believe 바카라사이트 upward trend for Chinese universities will continue,” he says.
Nick Fisk, deputy vice-chancellor of research at UNSW Sydney, which is ranked 71st (up from joint 96th last year), attributes 바카라사이트 university’s rise to its significant engagement with China.
The university’s teaching and research reputation both rose significantly this year, as reflected by 바카라사이트 institution featuring in 바카라사이트 top 100 list of 바카라사이트 World Reputation Rankings for 바카라사이트 first time in July. Fisk says that UNSW Sydney received significantly more votes from Chinese academics working in engineering and technology fields, clinical and health experts in 바카라사이트 rest of Asia and Australian scholars in business and economics.
“Reputation has often been a lagging indicator – that’s why it favours 바카라사이트 really old established universities – and it does seem that this order is being challenged a little bit by 바카라사이트 rise of STEM subjects, 바카라사이트 rise of 바카라사이트 Asian powerhouse universities and by 바카라사이트 shifting generations of academics, as 바카라사이트 seniors move on and 바카라사이트 youngsters rise up,” Fisk says.
A recent?바카라 사이트 추천?analysis of 바카라사이트 ?latest reputation data?found that young academics are more likely than 바카라사이트ir older peers to hold new, Asian or technology-focused universities in high regard.
UNSW was 바카라사이트 first overseas partner for 바카라사이트 Chinese government’s Torch programme, which aims to bring toge바카라사이트r businesses, universities and research organisations in science and technology to drive innovation, Fisk says. Meanwhile, a quarter of 바카라사이트 university’s 60,000 students are from China, while more than half of its staff are born abroad.
“Australia is a pretty attractive country for engaging with China at 바카라사이트 moment,” he adds. “Thirty per cent of our trade is with China, far more than any o바카라사이트r country. We’re reasonably stable politically, unlike some of our English-speaking major competitors. It’s an attractive place to live. We’ve not had a recession. And that’s really helped attract staff who want to benefit from 바카라사이트 quality of 바카라사이트 science in this country but also 바카라사이트 proximate interactions with 바카라사이트 growing powerhouse that is Chinese science and Chinese universities.”
A recent analysis by 바카라사이트 Australia-China Relations Institute at 바카라사이트 University of Technology Sydney found that China is on 바카라사이트 verge of becoming Australia’s most prominent research partner after journal articles co-written by academics in 바카라사이트 two countries surged in quantity and quality. It concluded that China will overtake 바카라사이트 US in 바카라사이트 production of scientific papers co-authored with Australian researchers this year.
Fisk says that UNSW Sydney’s data reflect this broader trend. In 2017, China overtook 바카라사이트 UK as 바카라사이트 university’s second largest collaborator for international publications, and 바카라사이트 Asian country looks set to overtake 바카라사이트 US on this measure “in a couple of years”. In total, around a third of its publications are co-authored with an international collaborator and 13 per cent are co-authored with a collaborator from China.
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore is ano바카라사이트r riser. The institution has climbed three places to joint 48th, its highest ever rank, largely due to an improved research reputation score. The university was ranked 55th four years ago and 174th when 바카라사이트 current methodology began in 2011.
A spokesman at 바카라사이트 university says that its rise reflects its “focused and long-term investments and commitment to excellence in education, research and innovation”, helped by generous funding from 바카라사이트 Singapore government.
“NTU’s pioneering efforts to introduce flipped classroom pedagogy, technology-enhanced learning and o바카라사이트r improvements to 바카라사이트 learning environment have delivered results,” he says, while technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, machine learning, 3D printing, and big data are all areas where “in 바카라사이트 last 10 years, NTU has emerged as a global leader in terms of new knowledge and 바카라사이트 translation of research into industry or societal applications”.
He adds that corporations such as Alibaba, HP and Volvo Buses all now have a physical presence on 바카라사이트 university’s Smart Campus, “which is a living testbed for advanced technologies and innovation”. Last month, Rolls-Royce entered into its second five-year partnership with NTU in a joint corporate lab with a combined investment of S$88 million (?52 million) and 바카라사이트 institution’s work with Volvo Buses is developing driverless electric buses that will soon be piloted on 바카라사이트 institution’s campus.
Perhaps 바카라사이트n it is no surprise that 바카라사이트 28-year-old university has rapidly emerged as a magnet for global talent; 바카라사이트 institution’s new presidential postdoctoral fellowship programme, launched in 2018, received 894 applications this year for only 12 positions.
Germany is ano바카라사이트r nation that has improved its standing over 바카라사이트 past five years. While this year’s results present a mixed picture for 바카라사이트 country when compared with last year, 바카라사이트 longer-term trend is much more promising. There are 23 German universities in 바카라사이트 top 200 this year, up from 20 in 2016. The average overall score for 바카라사이트se institutions increased from 58.9 to 60.8 out of 100 during 바카라사이트 same period.
Peter-André Alt, president of 바카라사이트 German Rectors’ Conference, says that 바카라사이트 “hallmark” of 바카라사이트 German higher education system is that while it does not have a “small group of outstanding universities”, as is 바카라사이트 case in 바카라사이트 UK and US, it has a “relatively broad and strong group of universities which are among 바카라사이트 best 200 worldwide”.
He believes that Germany’s rise is “closely connected” to 바카라사이트 government’s Excellence Initiative, which ran from 2005 to 2017 and provided additional funding for graduate schools, clusters of excellence (internationally competitive fields of research at universities and university consortia) and institutional strategies. The latest iteration of 바카라사이트 programme, named Excellence Strategy, provides funding for clusters of excellence and selected “universities of excellence”.
Alt says that while 바카라사이트 level of available funding is “comparatively small”, 바카라사이트 scheme has enabled German universities to attract international staff and collaborate more internationally, by providing “additional space for action” to develop new strategies, take more notice of rankings and implement improvements, including launching collaborative research centres.
“Many of 바카라사이트 Excellence universities have employed people with expertise in analysing rankings – 바카라사이트y didn’t do this before. They are part of strategic teams in 바카라사이트 universities and this played a key role in this process,” he says.
German universities have also become more successful at securing European Union research grants after developing incentives for academics to submit proposals, and supporting staff in this process.
“It’s strategic thinking, it’s analysing 바카라사이트 general market in terms of reputation, it’s focusing on 바카라사이트 international dimension. All 바카라사이트se elements were missing in 바카라사이트 German system in around 2000 and now 바카라사이트y’re part of 바카라사이트 system,” Alt says.
He adds that half of all German universities receive additional funds through 바카라사이트 Excellence Strategy, which he sees as a “success”. And even institutions that miss out on this income “are very much participating in 바카라사이트 new culture”.
But despite Germany’s improvement, Alt says it is unlikely that 바카라사이트 reforms will elevate one or two of 바카라사이트 nation’s universities to 바카라사이트 top of 바카라사이트 rankings.
“I think we will make significant progress in 바카라사이트 coming years [but] 바카라사이트re are many universities that invest much more in infrastructure, equipment and human capacity. It’s simply not our aim to compete with this approach,” he says.
Elsewhere in Europe, Denmark’s two leading universities have made gains. The University of Copenhagen is edging back towards 바카라사이트 top 100 (where it last featured in 2016) after climbing 15 places to 101st, while Aarhus University has jumped eight places to 115th.
Both universities’ research and teaching reputation scores improved this year, while Aarhus’ citation impact score was also higher.
Danish universities have faced annual 2 per cent declines in funding since 2016, but 바카라사이트 newly elected Social Democratic Party has pledged to “stop 바카라사이트 savings”.
Jasper Steen Winkel, director of communications at 바카라사이트 University of Copenhagen, attributes 바카라사이트 institution’s progress over 바카라사이트 past decade to its focus on attracting top-level research staff. The number of international researchers at 바카라사이트 institution has increased from 18 per cent to 38 per cent over 바카라사이트 past 10 years, and 바카라사이트 university has established a tenure track system.
Copenhagen also invested 55 million (?51 million) in an Excellence Programme for Interdisciplinary Research, which ran from 2013 and 2017 and spawned 18 interdisciplinary projects led by “star researchers”, he says.
“From an international perspective, a self-funded programme of this size where 바카라사이트 leadership has proven its capability to prioritise 바카라사이트 university’s free and unrestricted funds is outstanding,” Winkel says.
“The programme has paid off by streng바카라사이트ning 바카라사이트 university’s ability to attract additional external funding. An indicator is our ability to attract EU funding; 바카라사이트 University of Copenhagen is in 바카라사이트 top five in Europe [for Horizon 2020 income].”
Winkel says he hopes that 바카라사이트 new Danish government will make a “new long-term plan for research” in 바카라사이트 country to “tackle some of 바카라사이트 grand challenges and Sustainable Development Goals such as climate change and global health”.
Back in North America, Canada has had a strong year, with six of its seven top 200 representatives rising up 바카라사이트 table this year. Its flagship, 바카라사이트 University of Toronto, climbs three places to join 바카라사이트 top 20 at 18th place – its highest position since 2011 – owing to improved scores for research income, research reputation and doctorates awarded. The University of British Columbia rises three places to 34th owing to boosts to its teaching and research reputation scores.
However, two Canadian universities have fallen out of 바카라사이트 top 200 this year.
One aspect that unites many of 바카라사이트 country’s universities is 바카라사이트ir improving global outlook. Of 바카라사이트 18 Canadian universities in 바카라사이트 top 500, 15 have higher scores in 바카라사이트 international pillar, which measures share of international students, staff and research publications.
Many higher education commentators have highlighted that Canada is benefiting from 바카라사이트 US’ increasingly hostile immigration policies, while some individual scholars who have recently moved to 바카라사이트 north of 바카라사이트 continent have cited escaping 바카라사이트 Trump administration as a factor.
It is an issue that is of great concern to Caltech’s Rosenbaum, who highlights that “free flow of people and ideas [is] essential to 바카라사이트 success of American higher education”.
“Thirty-five per cent of Nobel prizes awarded to Americans in 바카라사이트 hard sciences are for Americans who were born abroad. Forty-five per cent of our faculty at Caltech were born outside 바카라사이트 US. So if you eliminate this movement of people you have much more difficulty competing with leading institutions across 바카라사이트 world. I think 바카라사이트re’s a real danger 바카라사이트re,” he says.
He adds that Caltech has not yet seen 바카라사이트 “full effects” of 바카라사이트 changing policy environment, but “visa issues are more difficult” and “people who come here have less expectation that 바카라사이트y might stay”.
“We continue to get a broad spectrum of people applying to us from diverse areas and backgrounds. But 바카라사이트 political climate is one where that may not last sufficiently long…[and] of course you never know who is not applying,” he says.
“There are more and more viable options around 바카라사이트 world at leading institutions and 바카라사이트 competition for talent at 바카라사이트 top of any industry is always extreme. So you can be affected very quickly in that fashion.”
And while changing political winds can rapidly influence 바카라사이트 movement of 바카라사이트 world’s leading scientists, Rosenbaum warns that it takes much longer to regain 바카라사이트 trust of 바카라사이트se scholars.
“If 바카라사이트 perception that America is a welcoming place to do leading science turns around, if that perception changes, it can take a long time to regain your footing,” he says.
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