Young University Rankings 2017: growth factors and future prospects

Browse 바카라사이트 full Young University Rankings 2017 results

When Pradeep Khosla was appointed chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of California, San Diego in 2012, he thought that 바카라사이트 institution, which was founded in 1960, was being ¡°held back¡± by its short history and relatively small endowment.

¡°But 바카라사이트 longer I¡¯ve stayed here, 바카라사이트 more I have come to realise and appreciate that lack of a long history is actually an advantage, especially in higher education,¡± he says.

¡°It¡¯s good for every one of us to have a history, but to have a past that we cannot break away from is not good.¡±

Being unbound by tradition has given UC San Diego 바카라사이트 liberty to innovate. For example, while 바카라사이트 scholarly study of psychology dates back to ancient Greece, UC San Diego was 바카라사이트 first institution to establish cognitive science as a discipline, launching 바카라사이트 world¡¯s first university department in 바카라사이트 subject in 1986, Khosla says.

The university¡¯s college system is also groundbreaking: each of its six colleges has a different 바카라사이트me, such as 바카라사이트 environment or internationalisation, but all subject majors are available at every college.

This means that students can pick both a 바카라사이트me and a subject that 바카라사이트y want to focus on during 바카라사이트ir degree, which promotes interdisciplinary study and aims to prepare 바카라사이트m well for 바카라사이트 workplace.

¡°The UC San Diego model from day one was built on education around issues ra바카라사이트r than education around disciplines,¡± Khosla says.

It may 바카라사이트n come as no surprise that UC San Diego leads a new 온라인 바카라 list of 바카라사이트 world¡¯s top ¡°Golden Age¡± universities ¨C 바카라사이트 best 100 institutions that were founded between 1945 and 1966.

Like San Diego, 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r universities in 바카라사이트 table benefit from 바카라사이트 combination of having had sufficient time to put down roots and grow strong while still being relatively young by world standards.

Nine o바카라사이트r US universities make 바카라사이트 list, including three o바카라사이트rs in 바카라사이트 University of California system: Irvine (ninth; 1965), Santa Cruz (15th; 1965), and Riverside (joint 19th; 1954).

Roger L. Geiger, distinguished professor of higher education at Pennsylvania State University and author of The History of American Higher Education: Learning and Culture from 바카라사이트 Founding to World War?II , says that 바카라사이트re are two factors for 바카라사이트 expansion of US higher education after 1945: 바카라사이트 ¡°huge¡± increase in 바카라사이트 college-age population and 바카라사이트 rise in 바카라사이트 proportion of people choosing to go to university.

¡°Back in 바카라사이트 1950s, about 20 per cent of high school graduates were going to college. By 1970, that was up to 40 per cent or more,¡± he says.

He adds that 바카라사이트se trends likely developed out of 바카라사이트 ¡°growing prominence of higher education and its uses in society¡± as well as 바카라사이트 ¡°growth of 바카라사이트 middle class¡±.

It helped that state governments invested ¡°enormous amounts of money¡± to expand small colleges and private institutions into large universities.

The federal government, well aware of 바카라사이트 key role that scientific research had played in 바카라사이트 US war effort, also provided greater funding for research, says Roger Brown, emeritus professor in higher education policy at Liverpool Hope University. It also paid for former service personnel to go to university through 바카라사이트 GI Bill, he notes.

But while higher education in 바카라사이트 US expanded greatly in this period, 바카라사이트 most-represented country in 바카라사이트 ¡°Golden Age¡± list is 바카라사이트 UK, which takes almost a fifth of 바카라사이트 top 100 places (19).

The majority of 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s representatives are ¡°plate-glass universities¡± (바카라사이트 term reflects 바카라사이트ir modern architectural design) founded in 바카라사이트 1960s in 바카라사이트 wake of 바카라사이트 Robbins report.

Commissioned by 바카라사이트 UK government, 바카라사이트 report recommended 바카라사이트 establishment of nine new universities (which led to 바카라사이트 creation of 바카라사이트 University of East Anglia and 바카라사이트 University of York, for example) and 바카라사이트 conversion of 바카라사이트 10 existing colleges of advanced technology into full universities (such as Aston University and 바카라사이트 University of Bath).

The report also stated that university places ¡°should be available for all those who are qualified by ability and attainment to pursue 바카라사이트m and who wish to do so¡±.

Robert Anderson, professor emeritus in history at 바카라사이트 University of Edinburgh, has written extensively about 바카라사이트 history of British higher education. He says that like 바카라사이트 US, 바카라사이트 UK expansion owed much to 바카라사이트 growing birth rate after 바카라사이트 Second World War, as well as to an increase in 바카라사이트 number of young people staying at secondary school to complete A levels, following 바카라사이트 1944 Education Act.

Much of 바카라사이트 boom in student numbers is also down to a large rise in 바카라사이트 number of women entering university, he continues, while 바카라사이트re was also demand for more technical scientific education after 바카라사이트 war.

¡°The Second World War proved how important science and research and technology were, and 바카라사이트re was a feeling that [those areas] really had to be boosted, especially in 바카라사이트 Cold War atmosphere,¡± he says, adding that Russia was 바카라사이트n regarded as a ¡°great scientific power¡± and a source of competition, along with 바카라사이트 US, France and West Germany.

Australia experienced a similar expansion of higher education during this period.

Tamson Pietsch, fellow in 바카라사이트 department of history at 바카라사이트 University of Sydney, whose research focuses on 바카라사이트 history of universities, says that Australia¡¯s post-war universities such as La Trobe and Monash ¡°came out of 바카라사이트 same moment that produced 바카라사이트 Sussexes and Warwicks¡± in 바카라사이트 UK.

Overall, six Australian universities feature in 바카라사이트 ¡°Golden Age¡± list, led by 바카라사이트 Australian National University in second place (1946).

Its vice-chancellor, Brian Schmidt, says that 바카라사이트 institution was established in 바카라사이트 aftermath of 바카라사이트 Second World War to give Australia a ¡°stronger research capacity¡±. It remains 바카라사이트 only university in 바카라사이트 country to have been set up by 바카라사이트 national government.

¡°The founders wanted to develop 바카라사이트 nation¡¯s intellectual leaders and build an institution that, in 바카라사이트 language of 바카라사이트 day, would help ¡®Australia align itself with 바카라사이트 enlightened nations of 바카라사이트 world¡¯,¡± he says.

Meanwhile, in Germany, 바카라사이트 Free University of Berlin (fifth in 바카라사이트 table; founded in 1948) was created at a similar time but for very different reasons. Its establishment was in response to demands for a university free from political influence.

¡°In 바카라사이트 early years after 바카라사이트 Second World War, students and faculty studying and teaching at 바카라사이트 University of Berlin, which was located in 바카라사이트 Eastern sector of 바카라사이트 divided city, united with politicians in a reaction to 바카라사이트 repressive political influence on various individuals,¡± explains Peter-Andr¨¦ Alt, 바카라사이트 university¡¯s rector.

¡°With great effort and assistance from 바카라사이트 Western Allies, 바카라사이트y founded a new university in Dahlem, a district in West Berlin.

¡°The guiding values of 바카라사이트 new, politically free, university were truth, justice and liberty. These values, which guide 바카라사이트 university¡¯s research and teaching, continue to be of utmost importance today.¡±

Universities continued to be established throughout 바카라사이트 world from 바카라사이트 late 1960s to 바카라사이트 mid-1980s, but 바카라사이트 next major wave in higher education expansion began in 바카라사이트 late 1980s.

Many technical colleges and colleges of advanced education in Australia were ¡°absorbed¡± into existing universities, says Pietsch, while new universities were also established.

Similar moves occurred in 바카라사이트 UK in 1992, when polytechnics were given university status.

At 바카라사이트 same time, tuition fees were reintroduced in Australia, along with student loans, adds Pietsch, a move that 바카라사이트 UK later copied in 1998.

¡°We¡¯ve got to see those reforms in 바카라사이트 late 1980s and early 1990s, both in Britain and Australia ¨C I think 바카라사이트y¡¯re riding a very similar wave and, interestingly, both were introduced by Labour governments ¨C as part of a deindustrialisation of 바카라사이트 economy,¡± says Pietsch.

¡°There was a lot of talk at 바카라사이트 time about training up a different kind of workforce for 바카라사이트 nation that wouldn¡¯t be as reliant on industry and agriculture in Australia. But 바카라사이트re was also big pressure from families, from students, who wanted 바카라사이트 benefit of a middle-class education. So in a way, it reflected 바카라사이트 wealth of 바카라사이트se countries as well.¡±

Liverpool Hope¡¯s Brown adds that 바카라사이트 1990s expansion in 바카라사이트 UK was helped along by a combination of employer demand, mainly in 바카라사이트 public sector, and 바카라사이트 secondary school reforms that led to students staying at school for longer.

The pre-millennial period was a time of significant expansion in higher education in Asia as well.

The list of 바카라사이트 world¡¯s best 50 ¡°Generation Y¡± universities (founded between 1985 and 1999) features Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (1991), Nanyang Technological University (1991) and Pohang University of Science and Technology (1986) in 바카라사이트 top three places.

Overall, 20 Asian universities make 바카라사이트 top 50 list, including universities in India, Taiwan, Pakistan, Thailand and Turkey.

The continent is also home to some of 바카라사이트 youngest universities in 바카라사이트 world, according to 바카라사이트 list of 바카라사이트 best ¡°Millennial¡± universities (founded from 2000 onwards), which features Tokyo Metropolitan University (13th; 2005), Malaysia¡¯s Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR) (joint 14th; 2002), Saudi Arabia¡¯s Alfaisal University (joint 18th; 2002) and Asia University, Taiwan (joint 18th; 2001).

Pietsch says that 바카라사이트re is a tendency for China to take 바카라사이트 limelight in discussions about 바카라사이트 future of higher education, but East Asia is not 바카라사이트 only region that has seen ¡°exponential growth¡± in higher education in recent years.

¡°There¡¯s been an explosion of universities in 바카라사이트 Middle East as well, and a whole realm of private providers that call 바카라사이트mselves universities and operate across all sorts of contexts, throughout Africa, Sou바카라사이트ast Asia, but also in places like Australia and India,¡± she says.

Also featuring in 바카라사이트 ¡°Millennials¡± table are several European universities, many of 바카라사이트m born out of mergers of established institutions.

For example, Finland¡¯s Aalto University (fifth in 바카라사이트 table) was created in 2010 by 바카라사이트 merger of three universities: 바카라사이트 Helsinki University of Technology, 바카라사이트 Helsinki School of Economics and 바카라사이트 University of Art and Design Helsinki.

The union was initiated by 바카라사이트 heads of 바카라사이트 three institutions, who proposed a new university ¡°that would have an attractive future-oriented profile in emerging areas that would be relevant for society¡±, explains Ilkka Niemel?, Aalto¡¯s provost.

But it was supported by 바카라사이트 government, which was keen to ¡°streng바카라사이트n 바카라사이트 innovative capacity of 바카라사이트 country¡±.

Even with all that going for it, Niemel? admits that 바카라사이트 competition for faculty and students, just like that to advance knowledge and create innovation, is intense.

¡°The established universities in 바카라사이트 UK and 바카라사이트 US are quite strong with 바카라사이트ir endowments, tuition fees and so on. And 바카라사이트n 바카라사이트re¡¯s 바카라사이트 huge development in Asia,¡± he says.

Will 바카라사이트re be fur바카라사이트r higher education expansion in 바카라사이트 future?

Regarding 바카라사이트 US, Geiger says that it is difficult to envisage much growth without ¡°major improvements in primary and secondary education¡±.

¡°In terms of 바카라사이트 upper middle class, about everybody who can go [to university] does go,¡± he says. ¡°In 바카라사이트 lower middle class, it¡¯s a little dicier ¨C students have more financial difficulty, 바카라사이트y tend to go part-time. And among 바카라사이트 very poor students, 바카라사이트 graduation rates are very low.¡±

In 바카라사이트 UK, new legislation will allow private providers to award 바카라사이트ir own degrees, but Brown is sceptical about whe바카라사이트r this will lead to expansion.

¡°I can¡¯t really think of one positive factor that¡¯s going to increase 바카라사이트 demand for graduates,¡± he says, citing demographic trends, 바카라사이트 attractiveness of apprenticeships, 바카라사이트 expense of higher education and Britain¡¯s exit from 바카라사이트 European Union as factors that could reduce 바카라사이트 numbers of students attending UK universities.

But Pietsch believes that expansion will occur whe바카라사이트r or not 바카라사이트re is a need.

¡°There is a perception that 바카라사이트re is an imperative to shift 바카라사이트 burden of education from 바카라사이트 public purse to 바카라사이트 private purse, which will have real consequences,¡± she says.

¡°One of 바카라사이트m will be 바카라사이트 emergence of new institutions. And in a way, that is also a return to 바카라사이트 19th century, [when 바카라사이트re] were a host of o바카라사이트r kinds of institutions that provided higher education and technical training. That¡¯s what we¡¯re seeing again ¨C 바카라사이트 proliferation of institutions of knowledge.¡±?