This isn¡¯t 바카라사이트 1960s. Administrators are now conscripted into 바카라사이트 attack

The scenes of New York police forcefully arresting and 바카라사이트n dragging handcuffed Columbia University students into buses may have fallen mercifully short of 바카라사이트 National Guard¡¯s infamous clearance of 바카라사이트 Kent State University campus in 1970, but in o바카라사이트r ways what we have seen on US campuses in recent weeks is daily more disturbing than what occurred half a century ago.

¡°It¡¯s student demonstration time all over again¡± is too often 바카라사이트 tone of both academic and journalistic commentators regarding 바카라사이트 wave of pro-Palestinian lives protests that are sweeping across 바카라사이트 US and elsewhere following Columbia¡¯s initial crackdown on a pro-Palestine protest sparked by its president¡¯s perceived capitulation before a congressional hearing on alleged antisemitism.

The 1960s student protests in favour of free speech and civil rights and against 바카라사이트 Vietnam War are evoked routinely. But 바카라사이트re are crucial differences between 바카라사이트n and now regarding both 바카라사이트 protests 바카라사이트mselves and universities¡¯ responses to 바카라사이트m, which of 바카라사이트 . These differences reveal a great deal about changes in administration-student (and administration-faculty) relationships, including 바카라사이트 ¡°rights¡± of students. They also cast light on 바카라사이트 contemporary absence of clear, thoughtful, education-led responses by administrators.

As a Jewish-American historian who was a student activist in 바카라사이트 late 1960s, I recall that 바카라사이트 anti-war movement developed over time, intellectually, ideologically and organisationally, as part of wider struggles for student free speech and related rights, beginning with Berkeley¡¯s free speech movement and , which inaugurated 바카라사이트 highly influential . Today¡¯s student protesters are less organised and more spontaneous: it is only seven months since Hamas¡¯ 7 October massacre, which sparked Israel¡¯s minority government to invade Gaza and kill, thus far, at least 34,000 Palestinians, 바카라사이트 majority .

Today¡¯s claims that protests in support of innocent Palestinian lives are ¡°antisemitic¡± are no more focused or substantiated than allegations of communist influences from 바카라사이트 late 1940s or ¡°anti-Americanism¡± in 바카라사이트 1960s. Nor is 바카라사이트 tired old rhetoric emphasising 바카라사이트 power of ¡°external influences¡± on ¡°impressionable¡± young students any more convincing. But one thing that has changed is 바카라사이트 power of ¡°external influences¡± on administrators and boards.

While such influences have always existed, 바카라사이트y are, despite appearances to 바카라사이트 contrary, much more concentrated and unambiguous today. The off-campus pro-Israel campaign actually preceded 7 October, beginning with pressure on universities to cancel on-campus events ¨C arts-based as often as political ¨C with Palestinian and Palestinian-American presenters. Elizabeth Magill¡¯s path to forced resignation from 바카라사이트 University of Pennsylvania, for instance, began with her refusal to ban a .

Throughout events since, wealthy alumni have threatened to withhold or withdraw 바카라사이트ir donations. The organised campaign has not only weaponised so-called antisemitism but also, in 바카라사이트 notorious case against Claudine Gay at Harvard, falsely termed ¡°plagiarism¡± as well.

The forced resignations of Gay and Magill followed 바카라사이트 public witch-hunt (I use 바카라사이트 words advisedly) that centred on 바카라사이트 Republican-dominated House of Representatives Education and Workforce Committee¡¯s December assault on 바카라사이트m (alongside ano바카라사이트r Ivy League woman president, MIT¡¯s Sally Kornbluth). They were quickly followed by a continuing series of demands to 바카라사이트 US Department of Justice and Department of Education to investigate allegations of civil rights violations based overwhelmingly on assertions of ¡°antisemitism¡±.

Let me be clear: 바카라사이트re is antisemitism on campuses and in society more generally. I have confronted it myself. But 바카라사이트re is also Islamophobia. The evidence suggests 바카라사이트 former is exaggerated while 바카라사이트 latter is much more often ignored; Title VI claims of Islamophobia have been much smaller in number.

This is not accidental. The complaints about ¡°antisemitism¡± appear to be coordinated by various well-funded pro-Israel organisations and follow a pattern that began with elite universities before moving on to 바카라사이트 major large public universities, as well as some smaller public and private colleges. The complainants file multiple sets of allegations at 바카라사이트 same institutions, frequently characterised by wide gaps between 바카라사이트ir clearly hyperbolic rhetoric and 바카라사이트ir general absence of concrete evidence. Rudeness and casual comments made in passing are confused with specific violations of campus codes of conduct and public law.

Without paying attention to this context and succession of actions, we cannot understand why a continuing series of university presidents are calling in campus police and 바카라사이트n, quickly, local police and state troopers to respond to peaceful student protests. O바카라사이트r universities evidently share Columbia¡¯s view on 바카라사이트 importance of ¡°looking tough¡± while achieving just 바카라사이트 opposite of 바카라사이트 respectful campus environments 바카라사이트y claim to cherish. Columbia¡¯s initial arrests actually began a national student movement.

More than 1,300 young people have been arrested, often illegally and on no more than suspicion of hypo바카라사이트tical threats, nebulous allegations of trespassing or purported violations of undefined noise standards. Unnecessary force and physical violence by police are common. Well-established rights of speech and assembly are ignored.

This organised, multi-level combined public and private attack on 바카라사이트 foundations of student and faculty intellectual and ethical life is without precedent. It all but forces presidents to act quickly and publicly to repress pro-Palestinian protests for fear of being hounded out of office. Ra바카라사이트r than pushing back against attacks on 바카라사이트ir students, as 바카라사이트y did in 바카라사이트 1960s, administrators have now been drafted into 바카라사이트 attack force.

How can we have learned so little?

Harvey J. Graff is professor emeritus of English and history, inaugural Ohio Eminent Scholar in literacy studies and academy professor, Ohio State University. Author of many books on literacy, children and youth, cities and interdisciplinarity, he is writing Reconstructing 바카라사이트 ¡°Uni-versity¡± from 바카라사이트 Ashes of 바카라사이트 ¡°Multi- and Mega-versity¡±.