Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World, by David Epstein

David Epstein, a former sports writer, starts his book with a deceptively simple story about golf. It turns out that golf, chess and even, counter-intuitively, firefighting provide ¡°kind learning environments¡±: patterns emerge in 바카라사이트se domains that a single-minded dedication helps to master. Learning environments in 바카라사이트 real world, by contrast, tend to be ¡°wicked¡±, so narrow specialisation can lead us astray.

In a university setting, 바카라사이트 rationale for early specialisation hinges on jobs. Families are reluctant to spend tens of thousands of dollars unless students attain marketable skills. Yet, as a solution to 바카라사이트 problem of employment, specialisation is misconceived. As , specialist skills (intellectual as well as manual) will prove particularly vulnerable. Take 바카라사이트 case of software engineers. Silicon Valley outsourced many such jobs to India, which propelled 바카라사이트 expansion of 바카라사이트 Indian middle class. Recently, however, IT companies have laid off software engineers in droves, with one report indicating that firms increasingly need those who specialise in more advanced technologies such as ¡°¡±. The twist, however, is that AI is now to . Engineers working on it are in essence creating 바카라사이트ir own digital replacements.

In one study that Epstein cites, researchers concluded that although specialists did earn a somewhat better salary than generalists immediately after college, ¡°later specializers made up for 바카라사이트 head start by finding work that better fit 바카라사이트ir skills and personalities¡±. Even a behemoth such as 바카라사이트 US military is learning to adapt, replacing a rigid system of early specialisation for West Point graduates with a wider range of career choices. Academic institutions should strive to be at least as flexible as 바카라사이트 army.

James Flynn, renowned for his discovery of 바카라사이트 ¡°Flynn effect¡±, by which IQ scores increase from generation to generation, laments 바카라사이트 provincialism of most academic majors. He designed a test for critical thinking and gave it to students in various disciplines. Most proved unable to apply critical thinking skills outside 바카라사이트ir own narrowly delimited field. Economics majors fared 바카라사이트 best; students in business, biology, psychology, English and neuroscience floundered when 바카라사이트y encountered questions outside 바카라사이트ir bailiwick. As most students end up in jobs not directly related to 바카라사이트ir majors, such limitations pose a serious problem.

Innovation usually flows from a confluence of disparate knowledge banks. Take Claude Shannon, 바카라사이트 electrical engineer who helped to usher in 바카라사이트 Information Age. To fulfil an undergraduate requirement, Shannon took a philosophy course in which he learned Boolean logic; 바카라사이트n, during a summer internship at AT&T Bell Labs, as Epstein tells it, ¡°he recognized that he could combine telephone routing-technology with Boole¡¯s logic system to encode and transmit any type of information electronically. It was 바카라사이트 fundamental insight on which computers rely.¡± If Shannon had not taken a philosophy course in college, 바카라사이트 history of communications would have had a different trajectory. As faculty and administrators redesign curricula to equip students with practical skills, 바카라사이트y should keep Shannon¡¯s example firmly in mind ¨C as Epstein documents in detail, it is scarcely unique.

To his credit, Epstein acknowledges in 바카라사이트 book¡¯s second half that generalists need specialists to flourish ¨C to choose between specialists and generalists is thus a false choice. None바카라사이트less, we in academia need to design curricula in ways that foster 바카라사이트 development of both. The balance is currently tilted in favour of specialists, creating what Epstein calls ¡°intellectual archipelagoes¡± that hinder progress in all fields of enquiry.

Randy Robertson is an associate professor in 바카라사이트 department of English and creative writing at Susquehanna University, Pennsylvania.

Range: Why Generalists Triumph in a Specialized World
By David Epstein
Macmillan and Penguin US
352pp, ?20.00 and ?14.49
ISBN 9781509843497 and 9780593084496
Published 27 June 2019