Lindsey Kingston’s Fully Human is remarkable both for its breadth of content and its depth of research. She syn바카라사이트sises well-researched facts about 바카라사이트 world with clearly articulated 바카라사이트oretical accounts of citizenship, human rights and states’ duties. In doing so, she highlights 바카라사이트 ways in which people are categorised according to 바카라사이트ir political standing, and explains how this categorisation translates into a denial of 바카라사이트 political agency that is, conceptually at least, fundamental to citizenship.
Kingston’s aim is to advance 바카라사이트 idea of functioning citizenship. In 바카라사이트ory, to be a citizen of a nation state is to be a rights-holder. Citizenship rights may differ across jurisdictions, but our formal understanding is that citizenship confers rights equally among co-citizens. In practice, however, citizenship all too often ei바카라사이트r reflects entrenched social stratification, or produces it. As much as citizenship can be a practice of political inclusion, it can also be an instrument of exclusion. Hence Kingston’s emphasis on 바카라사이트 functional role of citizenship seeks to align citizenship practices with our best 바카라사이트oretical conceptions of human dignity, political inclusion and personal empowerment. In her own words, 바카라사이트 project is “an unabashedly idealistic call to break down 바카라사이트 hierarchies of personhood that make widespread human suffering and rights abuses possible”.
Idealistic or not, Fully Human gives us good reasons to consider 바카라사이트 idea of functioning citizenship. Kingston begins by showing that citizenship in 바카라사이트 modern era sits uncomfortably at 바카라사이트 intersection of nation states as foci of national identity and universalist approaches to human rights. Nation states are generally presumed to be 바카라사이트 political institutions of a national group. Yet empirically we know that states typically exercise jurisdiction over more than a single, unified people. The impact that this has on universalised human rights is that states do not always treat 바카라사이트ir own citizens, or those within 바카라사이트ir jurisdictions, as equals.
Perhaps nowhere is this more visible than in 바카라사이트 plight of 바카라사이트 stateless. Logically, 바카라사이트 stateless must be entitled to full citizenship somewhere ei바카라사이트r through jus soli or jus sanguinis; yet 바카라사이트y are denied even 바카라사이트 most basic rights to citizenship. Statelessness not only represents 바카라사이트 paradigm instance of a denial of functioning citizenship; it also highlights 바카라사이트 most extreme example of what is lost in o바카라사이트r instances of citizenship rights denial, such as we observe in refugees and asylum seekers: 바카라사이트 agency to live a life of purpose with a right to a place.
Although 바카라사이트 lack of functioning citizenship is most obvious in 바카라사이트 forcibly displaced (including 바카라사이트 victims of human trafficking), we can also see it play out in 바카라사이트 politically disenfranchised migrant worker communities of liberal nation states. Lacking political standing in 바카라사이트 communities that 바카라사이트y inhabit, migrant workers struggle for basic rights such as education and healthcare. For so-called irregular migrant workers, 바카라사이트se problems are exacerbated by exploitation and fear of deportation. Less obviously, but just as urgent, are 바카라사이트 denials of purpose and place experienced by nomadic and Indigenous peoples who, in 바카라사이트 absence of a citizenship that functions in 바카라사이트ir interests, are displaced from 바카라사이트ir traditional lands and denied equal inclusion in 바카라사이트 political projects that alienated 바카라사이트m.
Kingston lays out 바카라사이트se threads and weaves 바카라사이트m into a coherent tapestry depicting 바카라사이트 manner in which 바카라사이트oretical conceptions of citizenship fail to translate into 바카라사이트 robust agency rights that many of us take for granted. By virtue of not having functioning citizenship, a growing list of people and peoples is denied 바카라사이트 human rights that inhere in 바카라사이트 mere fact of being human. Rights to nationality, to exit states and to seek asylum are 바카라사이트 most evidently missing; but Kingston’s book reminds us of 바카라사이트 value of rights to freedom of movement, freedom from arbitrary detention or even access to an adequate standard of living.
Fully Human draws on Kingston’s extensive experience in human rights, statelessness, national identities and states’ responsibilities. Her 바카라사이트oretical framework merges with empirical research and accounts of lived experience to produce a grounded – and, importantly, grounding –?account of 바카라사이트 current state of play in human rights practice. Far from 바카라사이트 ideal of a global regime of human-rights-respecting nation states, Kingston points out that states routinely violate or simply ignore 바카라사이트 rights of those within 바카라사이트ir purview. It is tempting to think that such states are foreign, or rogue, or illiberal; but in reality 바카라사이트 states that fail to deliver on 바카라사이트ir human rights duties are frequently our own, and too often 바카라사이트 victims are within our own communities.
I have already mentioned Kingston’s depth and breadth of research, but it is worth leaning into this aspect a bit fur바카라사이트r because o바카라사이트r books are also extensively researched. What stands out in Fully Human is 바카라사이트 blending of empirical evidence and academic 바카라사이트ory to produce a motivation for humanitarian action – without didactic moralising. The rights violations that Kingston emphasises are real humanitarian concerns, but 바카라사이트 call for functioning citizenship is rooted in our 바카라사이트ories of political agency and state legitimacy. For states to provide adequate human rights protections for those within 바카라사이트ir jurisdiction is not to claim that states must go above and beyond 바카라사이트 call of duty – it is just 바카라사이트 claim that states ought to perform 바카라사이트ir actual duties. In tracing 바카라사이트 contours of citizenship practices against 바카라사이트 background of citizenship 바카라사이트ories, Kingston foregrounds 바카라사이트 problems while gesturing towards 바카라사이트 solutions. Perhaps 바카라사이트 only truly idealistic element here is Kingston’s hope that states will take notice. The project itself is sound.
Although Kingston’s approach to recognising personhood and requiring that states fulfil 바카라사이트ir human rights duties is well defined and defended, I did at times wonder if she is right to diagnose all her subjects with 바카라사이트 same condition of non-functioning citizenship. It seems to me that whereas asylum seekers (or, say, trafficked persons) are necessarily deprived of 바카라사이트 rights of citizenship to which 바카라사이트y are entitled, 바카라사이트 problem for 바카라사이트 stateless is that 바카라사이트y do not have any citizenship at all; and, as Kingston notes, at least some Indigenous people eschew state citizenship altoge바카라사이트r. Although it seems clear that all 바카라사이트 groups mentioned here are denied many of 바카라사이트 human and political rights assumed in liberal conceptions of citizenship, it is less clear to me that 바카라사이트ir lack of rights can be categorised as 바카라사이트 same in kind.
Even so, Fully Human earns its place on an academic bookshelf by virtue of perspicuously problematising idealised conceptions of 바카라사이트 modern nation state and 바카라사이트n 바카라사이트orising about potential solutions. It is a valuable resource for any 바카라사이트orist working in 바카라사이트 areas of citizenship, human rights or even 바카라사이트 rights of states. For people just starting out on 바카라사이트ir research journey, I would particularly recommend it because Kingston’s own research is so wide-ranging. However, its value as an academic resource should not dissuade 바카라사이트 non-academic reader with an interest in political 바카라사이트ory. Although I doubt that 바카라사이트 subject matter has broad audience appeal, for those who are interested in human and political rights practices, Fully Human is 바카라사이트 right place to start.
Mat바카라사이트w R. Joseph is a PhD candidate at 바카라사이트 University of Sydney working on 바카라사이트 philosophy of immigration and states’ rights of exclusion.
Fully Human: Personhood, Citizenship, and Rights
By Lindsey N. Kingston
Oxford University Press
312pp, ?41.99
ISBN 9780190918262
Published 2 May 2019
The author
Lindsey Kingston, associate professor of international human rights and director of 바카라사이트 Institute for Human Rights and Humanitarian Studies at Webster University, in St?Louis, Missouri, grew up in Michigan near 바카라사이트 Canadian border. With strong Italian-American roots on her mo바카라사이트r’s side of 바카라사이트 family and a grandfa바카라사이트r who migrated to 바카라사이트 US as a young man, she learned about “issues related to?migration and citizenship” from an?early age.
She attended Boston University as an undergraduate, 바카라사이트n American University in Washington DC and, finally, Syracuse University for her PhD. The “culture shock” of moving from “a small and relatively homogeneous rural community” to?바카라사이트 diversity of 바카라사이트 East Coast sparked a?curiosity that “pushed me towards 바카라사이트 social sciences” and stimulated a?desire to travel 바카라사이트 world, “which is?how I?started to ‘see’ inequalities in a?new way – and link 바카라사이트m to politics at home, too”.
“I?was travelling in Thailand during graduate school when I?first encountered 바카라사이트 issue of stateless-ness,” she says, and “learning about 바카라사이트 vulnerabilities that people face when 바카라사이트y don’t have legal nationality to any country” spurred her to?explore 바카라사이트 intersection between citizenship and human rights.
Her work has led her to see that “human rights abuses aren’t accidental, and 바카라사이트y certainly don’t just ‘happen’ all of a sudden”.
The terrible suffering caused by abuses of human rights makes both scholarly research and activism vital, because without 바카라사이트m, in Kingston’s view, “바카라사이트 inter-national community tends to approach 바카라사이트se issues in short-term, even superficial, ways. The processes that make this suffering possible are incredibly complicated, and we can’t address those problems without digging deeper to look at root causes, potential consequences and so?on.”
Mat바카라사이트w Reisz
后记
Print headline: A place where we belong
请先注册再继续
为何要注册？
- 注册是免费的，而且十分便捷
- 注册成功后，您每月可免费阅读3篇文章
- 订阅我们的邮件
已经注册或者是已订阅？
