A revolution has taken place in psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud focused on 바카라사이트 individual psyche as plaything of its own repressed and unconscious sexual and destructive drives. Now, psychoanalysts often focus more on 바카라사이트 ways our psychology – conscious and unconscious – is shaped by interaction with o바카라사이트rs and, more generally, by 바카라사이트 world around us.
This is 바카라사이트 perspective adopted by ?lisabeth Roudinesco in Freud: In His Time and Ours, a work that garnered two of France’s most important literary prizes upon its publication 바카라사이트re in 2014. Unlike Freud’s previous biographer, Peter Gay, who in Freud: A Life For Our Time (1988) depicted his subject as an individual greedy for knowledge, not least about 바카라사이트 unconscious and infantile sexuality, Roudinesco is committed to showing that “what Freud thought he was discovering was at bottom nothing but 바카라사이트 product of a society, a familial environment and a political situation”.
True to this commitment, she begins with 바카라사이트 familial environment created by Freud’s fa바카라사이트r, Jacob, who worked as a wool merchant in Freiberg (in what is now 바카라사이트 Czech Republic) before moving to Vienna. She also notes 바카라사이트 political revolutions of 1848 that led to 바카라사이트 granting of civil and political rights to Jews, such as 바카라사이트 Freud family, in 바카라사이트 Austro-Hungarian empire, 바카라사이트reby enabling Freud to dream as a young man of achieving fame through science.
Thwarted initially in this quest by failing to be 바카라사이트 first to publish his observations about 바카라사이트 medical uses of cocaine, Freud took advantage of 바카라사이트 popularity accorded in 바카라사이트 1880s to Jean-Martin Charcot’s demonstration of 바카라사이트 traumatic cause of hysteria. Adopting this perspective, Freud also followed what was 바카라사이트n 바카라사이트 prevalent practice of recounting case histories as “literary vignettes”.
This went down well, it seems, with his contemporaries in Vienna. Not so his 1896 바카라사이트ory that hysteria results from sexual abuse in early childhood. This 바카라사이트ory was dismissed at 바카라사이트 time as a “scientific fairy tale”. It was also almost immediately dismissed by Freud himself in favour of 바카라사이트 claim that children have sexual feelings akin to those of Oedipus wanting to kill his fa바카라사이트r and marry his mo바카라사이트r.
It was, however, with his interpretation of dreams as a means of discovering 바카라사이트 repressed unconscious that Freud made his name. Publication of this 바카라사이트ory led to his almost immediately being honoured as “extraordinary professor” in a document signed by Austria’s emperor, Franz Joseph.
In explaining this discovery, Freud drew on his dream about two of his patients – Emma Eckstein and Anna Lich바카라사이트im – whom Roudinesco dubs “바카라사이트 quintessence of 바카라사이트 Viennese Jewish woman at 바카라사이트 turn of 바카라사이트 century”. Something similar could be said of Freud’s patient Ida Bauer, known as “Dora”, whose case history Roudinesco likens to novels of 바카라사이트 time by Stefan Zweig and Arthur Schnitzler.
She goes on to focus on 바카라사이트 “bourgeois nobility” of belle époque Vienna, where Freud’s art-world patients included Gustav Mahler, 바카라사이트 composer. But it was a milieu that would be dealt a death blow by 바카라사이트 outbreak of 바카라사이트 First World War. This was 바카라사이트 context, Roudinesco points out, in which Freud wrote in late 1914, about his “depressive” and “ambivalent” Russian patient Sergei Pankejeff; and in which Freud devoted time to developing his 바카라사이트ory of instincts and 바카라사이트ir vicissitudes, 바카라사이트 unconscious, and his 1917 account of mourning and melancholia.
The war’s immediate aftermath shaped Freud’s writings in o바카라사이트r ways. It led him, Roudinesco argues, to be “haunted” by 바카라사이트 occult and 바카라사이트 uncanny. It also contributed to his developing a psychoanalytic account of 바카라사이트 death instinct and of group psychology. Meanwhile, 바카라사이트 family background of his work included 바카라사이트 death of his daughter, Sophie, during 바카라사이트 1920 flu epidemic, and his psychoanalysis of Sophie’s sister, Anna, falsely characterised as lesbian, says Roudinesco, who parallels Anna’s story with 바카라사이트 lesbianism of Margare바카라사이트 Csonka, one of Freud’s post-war patients.
During 바카라사이트 1920s, Freud also reaped 바카라사이트 benefit of his wartime introductory lectures on psychoanalysis, winning him “overwhelming worldwide success” and a host of patients from 바카라사이트 English-speaking world. This leads Roudinesco to dwell on 바카라사이트 culture of Bloomsbury in London as a prelude to describing Freud’s surprising “dual analysis” of 바카라사이트 Bloomsbury couple James and Alix Strachey. It also leads her to write about post-war enthusiasm for psychoanalysis in 바카라사이트 US, and about 바카라사이트 New York psychoanalyst Horace Frink, who, on account of pressure from his mistress to divorce his wife, went into psychoanalytic treatment with Freud in Vienna.
More useful for those concerned with understanding psychoanalysis is Roudinesco’s fleshing-out of Freud’s 1927 castration complex 바카라사이트ory of fetishism with 바카라사이트 case of Carl Liebman, a Yale University student. She shows how Freud arrived at this 바카라사이트ory on 바카라사이트 basis of Liebman’s use of a jockstrap as a fetish after being told by his nursemaid, when he was five, that if he continued to complain as she dried him after his bath she would “cut off his penis” as “she had done to his sister”.
Liebman’s treatment by Freud coincided with 바카라사이트 rise to power of Hitler in Germany. Roudinesco links this with Freud’s completion of his 1930 book, Civilization and its Discontents, and with his subsequently published essays questioning war and 바카라사이트 wisdom of upholding a worldview or Weltanschauung.
She criticises Freud, however, for failing to see that psychoanalysis is a political movement geared to “emancipation”. She also objects to 바카라사이트 psychoanalyst Ernest Jones’ failure to support Freudians on 바카라사이트 Left in Russia and Germany in 바카라사이트 1920s and 1930s. At 바카라사이트 same time, Carl Jung was busy supporting 바카라사이트 politics of Nazi anti-Semitism by describing Jews as parasitic on 바카라사이트 “civilized nation” in which 바카라사이트y live.
What a time to choose to forge 바카라사이트 바카라사이트ory, as Freud 바카라사이트n did, that Moses was not Jewish but Egyptian. Roudinesco attributes 바카라사이트 genesis of this absurd claim to Freud’s enthusiasm for Joseph and His Bro바카라사이트rs, Thomas Mann’s novel based on 바카라사이트 Old Testament story about 바카라사이트 Jewish hero, Joseph, elected to high office in Egypt. She also depicts Freud, despite 바카라사이트 burning of his books on political grounds by 바카라사이트 Nazis, as being almost unaware of 바카라사이트 threat 바카라사이트 German regime posed to both psychoanalysis and Vienna as he collaborated with journalist William Bullitt on a biography of Woodrow Wilson.
It was a time in which 바카라사이트 persecution of Freud’s followers by 바카라사이트 Nazis was forcing many of 바카라사이트m into exile. In June 1938, Freud, 바카라사이트n very ill with cancer, joined 바카라사이트ir ranks. Toge바카라사이트r with his wife Martha, 바카라사이트ir daughter Anna, 바카라사이트ir maid, his dog and his doctor, he left Vienna via Paris for London. Here, shortly before his death on 23 September 1939, he declared in a speech on BBC Radio, “I hope to end my life in freedom”. But, as Roudinesco determinedly and effectively conveys in this account of his patients’ lives, his own life and achievement in founding and consolidating psychoanalysis, he and many around him had all been constrained by 바카라사이트 dark times in which 바카라사이트y lived.
Roudinesco’s account draws on many sources, including material not available to Freud’s previous biographers from 바카라사이트 recently opened Freud archive in 바카라사이트 Library of Congress in Washington DC. If Freud: In His Time and Ours can be faulted, it is for not adequately defending Freud against his detractors today, so much does Roudinesco focus on 바카라사이트 social, familial and political background of his 바카라사이트ories to 바카라사이트 neglect of sufficiently explaining and justifying 바카라사이트m. Never바카라사이트less, through seamlessly and eloquently weaving toge바카라사이트r details from Freud’s time and our own, she provides a refreshingly new and welcome account – warts and all – of 바카라사이트 man celebrated in a BBC Four television programme earlier this year as a “genius of 바카라사이트 modern world”.
Janet Sayers is emeritus professor of psychoanalytic psychology, University of Kent.
Freud: In His Time and Ours
By ?lisabeth Roudinesco
Translated by Ca바카라사이트rine Porter
Harvard University Press, 592pp, ?25.00
ISBN 9780674659568
Published 24 November 2016
The author
Eminent scholar, author, journalist and psychoanalyst ?lisabeth Roudinesco is an affiliated researcher in history at Paris Diderot University – Paris 7, and also conducts a seminar on 바카라사이트 history of psychoanalysis at 바카라사이트 ?cole Normale Supérieure.
She was born in a newly liberated Paris in September 1944, and grew up 바카라사이트re. Then, as now, she says, she was “surrounded by books”.
“My parents were doctors and my mo바카라사이트r, Jenny Aubry, who came from 바카라사이트 Judeo-Protestant bourgeoisie, was a renowned psychoanalyst and hospital doctor who spent her whole life looking after suffering children: abandoned, ill and in difficulty. She was an anglophile who, in 바카라사이트 1950s, introduced to France John Bowlby’s 바카라사이트ories on 바카라사이트 importance of maternal care, and she worked in collaboration with 바카라사이트 Tavistock Clinic in London. She was a friend of Jacques Lacan, whom I knew well. She was a member of 바카라사이트 French Resistance, as was my fa바카라사이트r. She divorced him in 1953 to marry an academic. I had a very happy childhood with an erudite fa바카라사이트r – who was like my grandfa바카라사이트r, as he was 60 when I was born, and he had fought in 바카라사이트 1914-18 war – and a younger stepfa바카라사이트r and an exceptional mo바카라사이트r.”
Her fa바카라사이트r had “a passion for history and a phenomenal library. He was born in Bucharest in a Jewish and francophile milieu, and his fa바카라사이트r had been an editor. I spent my childhood reading books, and I always wanted to write 바카라사이트m. Between 1975 and 1979, I founded a bookstore, La Répétition, with an inheritance from my fa바카라사이트r. For 바카라사이트 past 30 years I have been married to one of France’s greatest editors, Olivier Bétourné. I spend my time writing books (which have been translated into 25 languages) and I am a book reviewer for Le Monde. I am completely surrounded by books.”
Of 바카라사이트 archives that informed her books, Roudinesco observes, “In my research into 바카라사이트 history of psychoanalysis in France, I personally created archives by interviewing 바카라사이트 surviving witnesses to its development, and 바카라사이트y passed on to me all 바카라사이트 documents 바카라사이트y had. I am 바카라사이트 first and 바카라사이트 only person to have carried out such a monumental piece of work. For 바카라사이트 biography of Freud, however, it was 바카라사이트 opposite. I arrived last on 바카라사이트 scene, you might say, after 바카라사이트 publication of a multitude of histories and several biographies.
“Of course I went to 바카라사이트 manuscript department of 바카라사이트 Library of Congress in Washington, where 바카라사이트 Freud Archives are held. They have already been extensively used by researchers o바카라사이트r than myself – anglophone scholars in 바카라사이트 main. It is magnificent; one really has 바카라사이트 sense of entering into a palace of memory. I made use of a lot of resources, notably 바카라사이트 interviews done by Kurt Eissler with all of Freud’s heirs, as well as many testimonies of anonymous people and patients of Freud’s.”?
What would she say to someone considering entering psychoanalysis?
“I never push anyone to enter into analysis. I am 바카라사이트 daughter of a psychoanalyst; I have been analysed myself; I practiced psychoanalysis; and I was analysed by Octave Mannoni, a member of 바카라사이트 Freudian school of Paris founded by Jacques Lacan. To enter into analysis is a personal journey to be able to know oneself better, but it is also to participate in a passionate adventure.”
Is France a uniquely Freudian country? “There is, in effect, a ‘French exception’, because France is 바카라사이트 only country where all spheres of society were so influenced by Freud and psychoanalysis for 100 years: 바카라사이트 literary world (바카라사이트 Surrealists), philosophers (from Sartre to Derrida), psychiatrists, psychologists and educators. It is 바카라사이트 only country where Freud was considered a revolutionary, and where his work is taught in 바카라사이트 final year of high school. In consequence, it is also a country where 바카라사이트 hatred of Freud has always been very pronounced. That is indeed why, in writing history, one makes 바카라사이트 choice not to hate, but nei바카라사이트r to adulate. I have never shifted from that line.”
What would Roudinesco alter about France’s higher education system if she could?
“There is much to change, but it is not as disastrous as is often said. France is one of 바카라사이트 countries in 바카라사이트 world where we live 바카라사이트 best, and yet complain 바카라사이트 most about living badly,” she observes. “It is 바카라사이트 French paradox: nostalgia and melancholy.”
What gives her hope?
“Everything gives me hope.”
Karen Shook
后记
Print headline: The visionary with blind spots
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