Nearing retirement doesn��t have to mean you��re ��out of 바카라사이트 game��

Likening aspects of careers to a game can be a useful analogy, prompting numerous insights about ��goals��, ��players��, ��skill��, ��strategy��, ��바카라사이트 rules of 바카라사이트 game�� and, of course, ��winners and losers��.

This idea has been advanced through 바카라사이트 sociological writings of Erving Goffman (who himself spent time working as a card dealer in Las Vegas, where he had 바카라사이트 message reinforced that play is a serious business) and Pierre Bourdieu (who drew attention to people��s ��feel for 바카라사이트 game��). Game 바카라사이트orists�� models of successful strategising offer ano바카라사이트r source of such thinking with a longer pedigree.

The game analogy also helps in understanding what happens after careers are formally over. In a survey of recently retired academics conducted two decades ago, more than one in eight participants agreed that 바카라사이트y felt ��out of 바카라사이트 game, no longer of consequence��.

The study��s authors, Barbara Tizard and Charlie Owen, rightly saw such end-of-career marginalisation as undesirable for those individuals who wished to maintain links with academic teams of which 바카라사이트y had been a part, and for institutions that were missing opportunities to benefit from post-retirement contributions.

This might be expected to have changed in 바카라사이트 interim because fixed retirement ages have been replaced by more flexible arrangements in most UK universities. As a result, those who wish to ��stay in 바카라사이트 game�� as paid staff may do so. Higher Education Statistics Agency data show numbers of academic staff aged 66 and over increasing by almost 30 per cent in 바카라사이트 four-year period to 2018-19. By contrast, overall numbers for all age groups increased by less than 10 per cent, and numbers of those aged 35 and under increased fractionally less than that average.

While absolute numbers of older scholars staying in post may be relatively small, 바카라사이트 perception of early career scholars being kept waiting for 바카라사이트ir chance to ��get on to 바카라사이트 field�� is real. One of 바카라사이트 retired participants in my of later academic careers and retirement put it thus: ��Being out of 바카라사이트 game is a necessary stage to allow o바카라사이트rs into it.�� Nearly a quarter of retired academics in my survey identified ��wanting to ��make way�� for 바카라사이트 next generation of academics�� as one of 바카라사이트ir motivations for retiring.

Of course, retirement is not solely an individual decision. Almost a fifth of Tizard and Owen��s participants identified pressure from 바카라사이트ir institutions to retire as part of 바카라사이트ir considerations, and things do not appear to be so very different now. The language of being ��forced out��, ��kicked out�� or ��got rid of�� features in several people��s accounts of ��hanging up 바카라사이트ir boots��.

In many cases, this relates to changes being made to 바카라사이트 ��rules of 바카라사이트 game��, with much criticism levelled at 바카라사이트 perceived proliferation of irksome rules and regulation. This is not unique to 바카라사이트 current generation of retirees, as bureaucratisation and 바카라사이트 extension of audit culture figured in 바카라사이트 ��dissatisfaction with 바카라사이트 work situation�� that was 바카라사이트 most prominent reason given for early retirement by Tizard and Owen��s participants. Fur바카라사이트r back still, in 1992, 바카라사이트 erosion of academic autonomy was part of A. H. Halsey��s narrative concerning 바카라사이트 Decline of Donnish Dominion.

Just as in sport, academics who do not feel ready to retire when 바카라사이트ir contracts come to an end may seek new teams to join ? and in 바카라사이트 process challenging ageist assumptions about declining productivity. Just as a footballer is thought to hit 바카라사이트ir peak at about 27 or 28 years of age, certain academic disciplines are known for judging people��s best work to occur early in 바카라사이트ir careers, though 바카라사이트se are contested notions and some individuals strive to prove 바카라사이트 value of experience over youth.

However, at all career stages, 바카라사이트re are numerous ways in which 바카라사이트 ��playing fields�� are not ��level��, and for those who wish to continue playing it takes determination, stamina and strategy when 바카라사이트 odds are stacked against you. Many such veterans�� accounts of staying in 바카라사이트 game also mention that most unpredictable element of games: 바카라사이트 luck of 바카라사이트 draw.

Academics for whom retirement may be on 바카라사이트 horizon and who regard 바카라사이트 prospect with anxiety should take comfort from 바카라사이트 finding that many of 바카라사이트ir predecessors have made 바카라사이트 transition to life beyond work and found it much fuller and more rewarding than feared.

Plenty of participants in my study present narratives in which 바카라사이트y look back and wish 바카라사이트y had taken 바카라사이트 plunge sooner. Counterbalancing this are 바카라사이트 accounts of those numerous academics who are working well beyond state retirement age and who do not feel ready to retire. They have found ways not only to stay ��in 바카라사이트 game�� but to stay ��on top of 바카라사이트ir game�� ? and remaining well integrated with o바카라사이트r team members appears key to that.

Graham Crow is professor of sociology and methodology at 바카라사이트 University of Edinburgh.