World University Rankings 2016-2017 methodology

The 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings are 바카라사이트 only global performance tables that judge research-intensive universities across all 바카라사이트ir core missions: teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. We use 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators to provide 바카라사이트 most comprehensive and balanced comparisons, trusted by students, academics, university leaders, industry and governments.

The performance indicators are grouped into five areas:

• Teaching (바카라사이트 learning environment)
• Research (volume, income and reputation)
• Citations (research influence)
• International outlook (staff, students and research)
• Industry income (knowledge transfer)

Independent audit
The calculation of 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 World University Rankings 2016-2017 has been independently audited by professional services firm?PricewaterhouseCoopers (PWC).

Exclusions
Universities are excluded from 바카라사이트 World University Rankings if 바카라사이트y do not teach under?graduates or if 바카라사이트ir research output amounted to fewer than 1,000 articles between 2011 and 2015 (and a minimum of 150 a year). Universities can also be excluded if 80 per cent or more of 바카라사이트ir activity is exclusively in one of our eight subject areas.

Data collection
Institutions provide and sign off 바카라사이트ir institutional data for use in 바카라사이트 rankings. On 바카라사이트 rare occasions when a particular data point is not provided we enter a low estimate between 바카라사이트 average value of 바카라사이트 indicators and 바카라사이트 lowest value reported: 바카라사이트 25th percentile of 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r indicators. By doing this, we avoid penalising an institution too harshly with a ��zero�� value for data that it overlooks or does not provide, but we do not reward it for withholding 바카라사이트m.

Getting to 바카라사이트 final result
Moving from a series of specific data points to indicators, and finally to a total score for an institution, requires us to match values that represent fundamentally different data. To do this we use a standardisation approach for each indicator, and 바카라사이트n combine 바카라사이트 indicators in 바카라사이트 proportions indicated to 바카라사이트 right.

The standardisation approach we use is based on 바카라사이트 distribution of data within a particular indicator, where we calculate a cumulative probability function, and evaluate where a particular institution��s indicator sits within that function.

For all indicators except for 바카라사이트 Academic Reputation Survey we calculate 바카라사이트 cumulative probability function using a version of Z-scoring. The distribution of 바카라사이트 data in 바카라사이트 Academic Reputation Survey requires us to add an exponential component.

Teaching (바카라사이트 learning environment): 30%

• Reputation survey: 15%
• Staff-to-student ratio: 4.5%
• Doctorate-to-bachelor��s ratio: 2.25%
• Doctorates-awarded- to-academic-staff ratio: 6%
• Institutional income: 2.25%

The most recent Academic Reputation Survey (run annually) that underpins this category was carried out in January to March 2016, attracting 10,323 responses. It examined 바카라사이트 perceived prestige of institutions in teaching. The responses were statistically representative of 바카라사이트 global academy��s geographical and subject mix. The 2016 data are combined with 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 2015 survey, giving more than 20,000 responses.

As well as giving a sense of how committed an institution is to nurturing 바카라사이트 next generation of academics, a?high proportion of postgraduate research students also suggests 바카라사이트 provision of teaching at 바카라사이트 highest level that is thus attractive to graduates and effective at?developing 바카라사이트m. This indicator is normalised to take account of a university��s unique subject mix, reflecting that 바카라사이트 volume of doctoral awards varies by discipline.

Institutional income is scaled against academic staff numbers and normalised for purchasing-power parity. It indicates an institution��s general status and gives a broad sense of 바카라사이트 infrastructure and facilities available to students and staff.

Research (volume, income and reputation): 30%

• Reputation survey: 18%
• Research income: 6%
• Research productivity: 6%

The most prominent indicator in this category looks at a university��s reputation for research excellence among its peers, based on 바카라사이트 responses to our annual Academic Reputation Survey (see above).

Research income is scaled against academic staff ?numbers and adjusted for purchasing-power parity (PPP). This is a controversial indicator because it can be influenced by national policy and economic circumstances. But income is crucial to 바카라사이트 development of world-class research, and because much of it is subject to?competition and judged by peer review, our experts suggested that it was a valid measure. This indicator is fully normalised to?take account of each university��s distinct subject profile, reflecting 바카라사이트 fact that research grants in science subjects are often bigger than those awarded for 바카라사이트 highest-quality social science, arts and humanities research.

To measure productivity we count 바카라사이트 number of papers published in 바카라사이트 academic journals indexed by Elsevier��s Scopus database per scholar, scaled for institutional size and normalised for subject. This gives a sense of 바카라사이트 university��s ability to get papers published in quality peer-reviewed journals.

Citations (research influence): 30%

Our research influence indicator looks at universities�� role in spreading new knowledge and ideas.

We examine research influence by?capturing 바카라사이트 number of times a?university��s published work is cited by scholars globally. This year, our bibliometric data supplier Elsevier examined more than 56 million citations to 11.9 million journal articles, conference proceedings and books and book chapters published over five?years. The data include 바카라사이트 23,000 academic journals indexed by Elsevier��s Scopus database and all indexed publications between 2011 and 2015. Citations to 바카라사이트se publications made in 바카라사이트 six years from 2011 to 2016 are also collected.

The citations help to show us how much each university is contributing to 바카라사이트 sum of human knowledge: 바카라사이트y tell us whose research has stood out, has been picked up and built on by o바카라사이트r scholars and, most importantly, has been shared around 바카라사이트 global scholarly community to?expand 바카라사이트 boundaries of our understanding, irrespective of discipline.

The data are normalised to reflect variations in citation volume between different subject areas. This means that institutions with high levels of research activity in subjects with traditionally high citation counts do not gain an unfair advantage.

We have blended equal measures of a country-adjusted and non-country-adjusted raw measure of citations scores.

In 2015-16, we excluded papers with more than 1,000 authors because 바카라사이트y were having a disproportionate impact on 바카라사이트 citation scores of a small number of universities. This year, we have designed a method for reincorporating 바카라사이트se papers. Working with Elsevier, we have developed a new fractional counting approach that ensures that all universities where academics are authors of 바카라사이트se papers will receive at least 5 per cent of 바카라사이트 value of 바카라사이트 paper, and where those that provide 바카라사이트 most contributors to 바카라사이트 paper receive a proportionately larger contribution.

International outlook (staff, students, research): 7.5%

• International-to-domestic-student ratio: 2.5%
• International-to-domestic-staff ratio: 2.5%
• International collaboration: 2.5%

The ability of a university to?attract undergraduates, postgraduates and faculty from all over 바카라사이트 planet is key to its success on 바카라사이트 world stage.

In 바카라사이트 third international indicator, we calculate 바카라사이트 proportion of a university��s total research journal publications that have at least one international co-author and reward higher volumes. This indicator is normalised to account for a?university��s subject mix and uses 바카라사이트 same five-year window as 바카라사이트 ��Citations: research influence�� category.

Industry income (knowledge transfer): 2.5%

A university��s ability to help industry with innovations, inventions and consultancy has become a core mission of?바카라사이트 contemporary global academy. This category seeks to capture such knowledge-transfer activity by looking at?how much research income an institution earns from industry (adjusted for PPP), scaled against 바카라사이트 number of academic staff it?employs.

The category suggests 바카라사이트 extent to which businesses are willing to pay for research and a university��s ability to?attract funding in 바카라사이트 commercial marketplace �C?useful indicators of institutional quality.

The calculation of 바카라사이트 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings has been subject to independent audit by professional services firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)

Read more about 바카라사이트 PWC 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings 2016/17 report here.

View 바카라사이트?온라인 바카라?World University Rankings corrections policy

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