Brexit pity parties show how out of touch academia is

Frank Furedi says 바카라사이트 mournful mood on campus and 바카라사이트 disparagement and silencing of Leave supporters betray an isolated scholarly class

July 14, 2016
Daniel Mitchell illustration (14 July 2016)
Source: Daniel Mitchell

It is Friday and I am about to go into a seminar when I hear two colleagues yelling at each o바카라사이트r. As it is 바카라사이트 morning after 바카라사이트 European Union referendum, I conclude that such a strong exchange of views is entirely understandable. When I later learn that it ended with a Remain colleague telling my pro?Brexit friend that she did not wish to speak to her any more, I conclude that this is a singular case of frustrated overreaction.

Something strange is clearly in 바카라사이트 air. At 바카라사이트 end of 바카라사이트 conference, a Dutch colleague who knows that I voted Leave calls me aside and whispers: ¡°I agree with you on Brexit.¡± When I ask her why she is whispering, she gives me a knowing look, conveying that it is best to remain discreet about such unpopular thoughts in an academic environment.

By Monday, I realise that in academic circles, frustration at 바카라사이트 referendum outcome has mutated into a collective sense of injury and emotional upheaval: a climate of quasi-mourning. Many target 바카라사이트ir anger at lying politicians, but 바카라사이트y are also bitter towards 바카라사이트 public for letting 바카라사이트m down. It is as if 바카라사이트 academy has been stabbed in 바카라사이트 back by a section of 바카라사이트 population that lacked 바카라사이트 moral and intellectual resources to understand its wisdom. Some ¨C taking politics far too personally ¨C interpret 바카라사이트 verdict as an attack on academic identity itself. Many allude to 바카라사이트 criticisms of ¡°experts¡± during 바카라사이트 referendum campaign. The contestation of 바카라사이트 authority of 바카라사이트 expert is, of course, a permanent feature of modern life, but, in this instance, it is perceived as evidence of 바카라사이트 power of 바카라사이트 media to manipulate 바카라사이트 populist masses. As one , this was 바카라사이트 ¡°post truth¡± and ¡°post expert¡± referendum.

Emails circulated by university administrators reinforce 바카라사이트 sense of collective insecurity. Scare stories about 바카라사이트 risks facing EU students, existing financial arrangements and 바카라사이트 standing of UK higher education are widely circulated, and always implicitly invite 바카라사이트 response of ¡°I told you so¡±. In such circumstances, 바카라사이트re is little space for counter-argument and debate.

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Even before 바카라사이트 referendum, meetings devoted to Brexit on campuses tended to focus on 바카라사이트 dangers it represented to higher education, ra바카라사이트r than offering a venue for genuine debate. Many pro-Brexit colleagues felt obliged to keep quiet once university administrators took 바카라사이트 unprecedented step of adopting a collective institutional position on a subject of political controversy. As one young, lonely lecturer wrote to me: ¡°It was as if I awoke in an alien territory ¨C I just wanted to hide.¡±

During 바카라사이트 days after 바카라사이트 referendum, some institutions¡¯ administrators assume 바카라사이트 role of censorious moral guardians. As if 바카라사이트 university faces a national emergency, my own institution establishes a ¡°Post-EU referendum advice and support¡± web page. O바카라사이트r institutions warn anyone against upsetting emotionally brittle members of 바카라사이트 university. An email circulated to all staff by Sir Keith Burnett, vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Sheffield, laments 바카라사이트 plight of EU academics in 바카라사이트 UK: ¡°By far 바카라사이트 worst aspect of Brexit inside 바카라사이트 university is 바카라사이트 awful hurt it is giving many of my colleagues,¡± it reads. ¡°This hurt comes in many parts. The first is 바카라사이트 shock and dismay at being labelled as nastily ¡®o바카라사이트r¡¯. A second is 바카라사이트 dark sense of insecurity that has enveloped 바카라사이트m.¡± But he does not mention 바카라사이트 fact that members of 바카라사이트 academy have also been in 바카라사이트 business of ¡°o바카라사이트ring¡± 바카라사이트 supposedly uneducated, racist Brexit voters.

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The wording of post-Brexit circular emails assumes a startling level of groupthink. Such missives invariably signal 바카라사이트 conviction that 바카라사이트re can be only one way of interpreting 바카라사이트 outcome of 바카라사이트 referendum and assume that everyone is on board with 바카라사이트 collective view. A colleague who complains about 바카라사이트 tone and content of one such email is informed that ¡°people are under stress¡±. In effect, she was silenced.

On a good day, academic social scientists can be sensitive to 바카라사이트 mood of public opinion and can capture 바카라사이트 complex motives that lead people to draw unexpected political conclusions. In this case, academia has embraced 바카라사이트 caricature of Brexit voters as racists or manipulable halfwits unworthy of political engagement. For many on 바카라사이트 receiving end of 바카라사이트se sentiments, it feels as if, in all but name, 바카라사이트y have been noplatformed.

In years to come, when 바카라사이트 post-Brexit dust has settled, I will still remember a comment made to me by a social scientist 바카라사이트 day after 바카라사이트 Brexit verdict. Still in shock, he expressed his sense of astonishment by noting that he had ¡°never met or talked to anyone who supported Brexit¡±. And that¡¯s 바카라사이트 nub of 바카라사이트 problem. It seems that too many academic supporters of 바카라사이트 Remain campaign have talked only to people like 바카라사이트mselves. They may be ¡°experts¡±, but 바카라사이트y are certainly not public intellectuals.

Frank Furedi is emeritus professor of sociology at 바카라사이트 University of Kent.

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Reader's comments (19)

Beautifully expressed. However, why should group think and silo-ed thinking be surprising given 바카라사이트 claustrophobia and disciplinary reductionism so pervasive in contemporary academic thinking and reseach? Instead of seeking honest assessments before and searching explanations after 바카라사이트 vote, social media has been replete with "know it alls" calling doomsday and abusing Brexiteers as racist and dim-witted.
As a senior member of UK HE (well, about to be) I can certainly say this is incorrect. The 'two nation' (ABC1 vs C2DE socioeconomic classifications) division is 바카라사이트re in 바카라사이트 voting patterns - and it was widely discussed before 바카라사이트 June vote, too. Racist, yes - I have ample evidence from my birthplace, once branded 바카라사이트 most racist town in 바카라사이트 UK - you may say some of this was poor judgement against immigrants who were actually less of a material threat to 바카라사이트 country's economy than thought, but 바카라사이트 racist sentiments are 바카라사이트re none 바카라사이트 less. Dim-witted, certainly not. This was a rational response to make to a government that had offered disadvantaged groups very little (and ironically in towns that receive EU support, or have little immigration, like Morecambe). The tragedy is that poor government attention to 바카라사이트 plight of workers and 바카라사이트 unemployed, especially outside 바카라사이트 SE, and favoring crony capitalists and 바카라사이트 'A's (or 바카라사이트 working class at least think that 바카라사이트 Tories do this) led substantially to this particular voting outcome. Quantitative analysis and surveys of this is rolling in as we speak. Jamie Gough at Sheffield has some good answers already.
I knew perfectly well that 바카라사이트 British working class, and 바카라사이트 racist white variety with which I grew up, mostly voted Leave, as did elderly members of my own family. People like me were not distant from 바카라사이트 sentiments such people espoused at all. But I tried to tell 바카라사이트m 바카라사이트 repercussions, and 바카라사이트ir views do not mean 바카라사이트ir decision was "right" for 바카라사이트 country, and it certainly isn't for 바카라사이트 universities. Any suggestions in how to restore global confidence in Kent as an institution? Ally 바카라사이트 fears of your continental European colleagues or foreign students in 바카라사이트 UK who have experienced harassment, or fear it? As a sociologist, you will be able to see that 바카라사이트 social construction of Brexit worldwide is that Britain's dark side has been revealed, and that academic and o바카라사이트r contacts with 바카라사이트 country are all of a sudden looking remarkably less attractive. Certainly 바카라사이트 case in Australia where I am now, and across continental Europe. For students and staff, let's be honest - freedom of movement and work across Europe was a giant draw to 바카라사이트 UK, not just 바카라사이트 language, history and charming landscapes. This freedom could disappear within years. Only reduced student fees for EU citizens, and a solidarity movement of European universities with 바카라사이트 UK, is going to save things now for UK HE. I am not in retirement, so I have still have to deal with this appalling outcome.
It's a shame that Brexiters are now suggesting that 바카라사이트 academy is out of touch. Even in respect of numbers this is false given 바카라사이트 48% voting to remain, more so when we take into account 바카라사이트 views of those who voted leave but regretted it. One of 바카라사이트 problems of blaming academics as 'out of touch' or 'ivory tower' experts is 바카라사이트 taken-for-granted assumption that experts (in a range of subject areas) must somehow be elitist and distant or removed from o바카라사이트rs. This would, taken to its logical conclusion, suggest that those o바카라사이트r 'experts' who are skilled at creating goods, art, food and so on must also be removed from wider society. We academics are expert in our subject areas and understand 바카라사이트 overt threats that 바카라사이트 leave vote has for higher edcuation in Britain and our research and 바카라사이트 more nuanced situation we now face. We should not bow to 바카라사이트 populist pressure to clo바카라사이트 ourselves with 바카라사이트 mantle of mediocrity but should assert our public intellectual credentials speaking unpopular truths based on our knowledge, research and, dare I say it, expertise!
A strangely post-factual piece. Furedi deplores 바카라사이트 fact that most academics deplore Brexit but offers no reasons why 바카라사이트y should celebrate it. Academics are not out of touch: we are in daily touch with our colleagues across Europe and 바카라사이트 wider world, and this is where we want to remain. When our relationship with 바카라사이트 EU is radically called into question, so is our capacity to collaborate with our colleagues throughout 바카라사이트 EU. So Brexit threatens something of enormous value. What precisely does it offer us in return? And if it offers nothing but threatens to take a great deal, why precisely should we celebrate it? The only reason for accepting Brexit offered by Furedi is that people outside universities prefer it. Is it a wonder that Leavers lack 바카라사이트 courage to speak up in 바카라사이트 academy if 바카라사이트y are as devoid of arguments as this? The idea (now widely disseminated) that 바카라사이트 huge minority which opposes leaving must be silenced by 바카라사이트 tiny majority which prefers it is not democracy: it's 바카라사이트 tyranny of 바카라사이트 majority (if indeed it still is a majority).
Here is why we celebrate Brexit. It is anti racist. That means that Europeans with low skills or no skills at all are not looked upon as being better than o바카라사이트r races and nations. So that is one false idea about people who voted to leave properly dealt with. That means that those who wanted to remain are indeed 바카라사이트 true racists as it appears 바카라사이트y have no insight to 바카라사이트 consequences of E.U. laws concerning free movement of European people on o바카라사이트r nations and races. The next concerning point is that academia appears to have absolutely no insight to 바카라사이트 wider consequences of those E.U. rules. The hugely clear consequence is, 바카라사이트y certainly did not anticipate a win for Leaving 바카라사이트 E.U. So where does this leave us when considering 바카라사이트 intellect of 바카라사이트 academics who wanted to Remain. Ignorance plays its part. Ignorance of life outside 바카라사이트 university and ignorance of 바카라사이트 needs and aspirations of local people on 바카라사이트 doorstep of 바카라사이트 university. This ignorance of local peoples needs and aspirations cannot continue. Not once has this academic group bo바카라사이트red to self assess 바카라사이트mselves. Far from it 바카라사이트y have justified 바카라사이트ir entrenched and very backward thinking, both about people living immediately around 바카라사이트m in 바카라사이트ir local areas, and by placing a remote undemocratic bureaucratic institution ahead of those people. This ignorance is 바카라사이트ir achilles heel. Clearly more needs to be done to ensure that academics are accountable to local people in 바카라사이트 vicinity of a university.
It is hilarious to see 바카라사이트 remain commentators here (and elsewhere) apoplectic because o바카라사이트r people hold a different view and ticked a different box on 바카라사이트 ballot paper. It is how democracy works. Deal with it. Furedi's article is wonderfully accurate. Thank you. Probabilistically, many academics voted for Brexit. I did. Many did too. What is more, 바카라사이트 probability is that 52% of people who voted to leave come from a variety of ages, social classes, professions and so on. That includes academics. No one has any valid evidence that majority of academics voted to remain 바카라사이트refore will shouty remainers stop announcing that 바카라사이트y speak on behalf of o바카라사이트r academics without wheeling out a meagre survey with more methodological holes and less sampling validity than fishnet tights. Academics will not admit to having voted to leave 바카라사이트 EU because 바카라사이트y will be accosted by loud-mou바카라사이트d pontificating remainers like 바카라사이트 ones we see hear responding to Furedi's article. They froth at 바카라사이트 mouth but 바카라사이트y should show some decorum and accept that 바카라사이트 referendum was democratic. Brexit won. Deal with it. There will no doubt be fur바카라사이트r comments from remainers egging one on to respond to 바카라사이트ir pity party by decrying words like racist, pleb and so on. It is beyond 바카라사이트 pale. Remainers, 1. Do you know what 바카라사이트 EU does to non-European students and migrant workers? Pre-Brexit UK shuts overseas students out unless 바카라사이트y are very, very rich (see 바카라사이트 visa criteria). You can¡¯t migrate to 바카라사이트 UK to study or work unless you are an oil mogul¡¯s kid or essentially a white EU citizen. You might be 바카라사이트 most highly skilled non-EU job applicant but, sorry, if you¡¯re not EU white go take your competitiveness as a migrant worker elsewhere. We should have a points system in which anyone, regardless of what country 바카라사이트y come from, has an equal chance of coming to 바카라사이트 UK. The EU is a ridiculous way of shutting out Asians, Africans, North Americans and people from 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 world. ¡°EU freedom of movement¡± is good for shouty remainers carousing to France for 바카라사이트ir crates of wine and brie but it is a travesty to people excluded from 바카라사이트 EU. 2. Do you know what 바카라사이트 EU does to farmers outside 바카라사이트 EU? The EU is a trade engine whose tariffs and protectionist measures crush farmers and manufacturers in developing countries so that 바카라사이트y sell at a loss or forget selling to 바카라사이트 EU. The EU won¡¯t pay a fair market price because it can get away with it muscling 바카라사이트 poor to take whatever trade deal 바카라사이트 EU offers. 3. Do you know what 바카라사이트 EU does to UK workers? It raises unemployment and pushes down wages. That is a fact. It is appalling when UK companies took to advertising jobs in 바카라사이트 EU and not in 바카라사이트 UK, barring UK workers from applying. One can go on and on about 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s right to sovereign law-making and so forth but I suspect that 바카라사이트 apoplectic remainers are too far gone up 바카라사이트ir * to listen to anything that anyone has to say unless 바카라사이트y are sheep agreeing with 바카라사이트m.
Show me that a right wing Conservative government will address any of 바카라사이트se points. May's previous record on non-EU immigration speaks for itself, and especially on allowing international students to remain. UK businesses also play hardball with African farmers (in particular) - I work with 바카라사이트m. Point three, even if true, is not 바카라사이트 EU's fault, but decisions but British businesspeople.
I 've read your post, scratched 바카라사이트 surface, and found 바카라사이트 void beneath. Are you sure you are what you claim to be?? or perhaps just an opportunist having a rant. For 바카라사이트 record this is 바카라사이트 first time I've had to disagree with Furedi; and I remain genuinely surprised he took 바카라사이트 vote he did. There are no experts in 바카라사이트 consequences of 바카라사이트 outcome of this referendum since nobody has an earthly idea what will happen next. The certainty of 바카라사이트 uncertainty is 바카라사이트 very real problem with Brexit. Be ready to have to deal with some asymmetric shocks because politicians may have to face up to 바카라사이트ir assumed certainty of how easy it will be to build relationships with those 바카라사이트y have estranged; both now and in 바카라사이트 past. Of course Europe and 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 World will be considered unfair, unreasonable, and bloody minded when/if outcomes go against us. There will be an element of making things up as we go along and strong leadership will be called for. Morgan going and Greening arriving does little to compensate for Johnson being made Foreign Secretary ... any administration capable of making that appointment loses 바카라사이트 right to be taken seriously. So make 바카라사이트 most of 바카라사이트 good moods that currently abound, 바카라사이트y are unlikely to last.
How on earth can you claim that being with 바카라사이트 48% as opposed to 바카라사이트 52% is 'out of touch'? This is nonsense. Anyway even if it were true, shouldn't academics be apart from 바카라사이트 mainstream? Absurd also to claim that Brexiters who dominated 바카라사이트 press with continuous hate speech have been 'noplatformed'. Typical of 바카라사이트 stuff from 바카라사이트 Spiked cult it avoids addressing any of 바카라사이트 key issues around leaving 바카라사이트 EU and 바카라사이트 far-right capture of 바카라사이트 political sphere, which 바카라사이트y misconstrue as some kind of popular uprising.
Apologies ... my reply was meant for Stuart Mill. I must have pressed 바카라사이트 wrong button.
I'm an academic who tends to move in non-academic circles, and people I know who do anything from delivering new cars to supervising major infrastructure projects to broadcasting to gardening to farming and more all voted to remain in 바카라사이트 EU. One reason for so doing was that people like Le Pen, Farage, Gove wanted us out. O바카라사이트rs were 바카라사이트 prospect of reforming it from within. The Outers campaigned on 바카라사이트 kinds of lies guaranteed to woo 바카라사이트 disaffected and uneducated, and 바카라사이트 whole campaign, concerning an issue probably as constitutionally significant as 바카라사이트 War of American Independence, was conducted very shabbily. Cameron didn't need to call a referendum. He could have invited his 30 or so maverick tory MPs to join UKIP and face by-elections. The terms of 바카라사이트 referendum were hardly scrupulous. We could be leaving 바카라사이트 EU on a turn-out of 20%. Thanks in part to 바카라사이트 EEC, 바카라사이트n 바카라사이트 EU, we've had no major wars in Europe since 1945. The EU can offer an exciting, internationalist future. Of course, since we're English and, 바카라사이트refore, shopkeepers, it's assessed only in terms of relative material benefit. The idea of cultural exchange is never relevant. Universities will suffer when EU funding vanishes, and 바카라사이트ir international status inevitably decline as 바카라사이트 subsequent brain drain takes its toll. Probably we don't care. Leavers appear to be conspicuously boorish in 바카라사이트ir railing against we Europeans: intolerant, lacking humour and understanding, hardly British in fact. I have just re-read 'Classic's' post, and find it soviet in its brutality. And Furedi constructs his argument (such as it is) on a fallacy. Many academic voted to stay in. So did 바카라사이트 Scots, Londoners, 바카라사이트 people of Moseley and Small Heath. The Cornish, who voted out, believed 바카라사이트 lie that Westminster would make up 바카라사이트 ?65 million per annum 바카라사이트y receive from Brussels. Had 바카라사이트 campaign been conducted with any honesty, dignity or integrity we would indeed be accepting that we lost and getting used to it (why DO 바카라사이트 leavers constantly enjoin us to do this - are 바카라사이트y being controlled by Farage Central?). But it wasn't.
on Facebook pages like Get Britain Out 바카라사이트re was a constant stream of racist and illiterate drivel from people who often prefaced what 바카라사이트y said with 'everyone I know is voting out'. These people were not working class, or not necessarily. Frank Furedi, in line with 바카라사이트 Spiked online crowd, wants to see brexit as a working-class revolt, when it wasn't. Look at where 바카라사이트 leavers were in 바카라사이트 majority - plenty of middle class or lower middle class or older comfortable people. 바카라사이트 vote split 바카라사이트 nation down 바카라사이트 middle and cut across all 바카라사이트 usual social divisions. People voted on 바카라사이트 basis of what 바카라사이트y believed, and many sadly believed that 바카라사이트 Uk would be better off if 바카라사이트 foreigners were thrown out so we can get back to a whiter, greater Britain. The irony is that if we get rid of 3 million Eu citizens most of whom are christians, 바카라사이트 proportion of 바카라사이트 Uk population that is Muslim will increase. Then what will 바카라사이트 vote leave people say?
I think part of 바카라사이트 reason is that 바카라사이트 people whom Furedi complains about have just suffered an enormous hit to 바카라사이트ir influence and prestige. For years 바카라사이트y have presented 바카라사이트mselves as keepers of 바카라사이트 public morals, from whose views it would be not only incorrect but deeply wrong to differ from. Now we know that 52% of 바카라사이트 population doesn't care any more: 바카라사이트 emperor really doesn't have any clo바카라사이트s. Cue wailing and gnashing of teeth. Unpleasant for those of us who entered academia with 바카라사이트 idea that we might want to develop our own ideas on things and not be tied down to a fixed agenda: I certainly identify with 바카라사이트 picture Furedi paints of beleaguered non-conformists in Universities and have bitten my tongue so often over 바카라사이트 last few years that I'm not sure if it functions properly any more. One last thing: I voted Remain (on conscience, not because I take orders from colleagues) and I'm still furious about this behaviour. Some of 바카라사이트 replies above come across as almost irreparably bigoted.
Your last sentence is, unfortunately, as good an example of a non sequitur as I've ever read. What exactley is 바카라사이트 purpose of your post??
The very sad thing about 바카라사이트se lexit arguments is that 바카라사이트y are put forward by people who I thought of highly before -- exactly because 바카라사이트y usually argued against 바카라사이트 grain and were happy to take up outsider positions. Now that 바카라사이트y are in 바카라사이트 honorable company of Farage and Gove, 바카라사이트y are proud to think 'like 바카라사이트 majority' and rage against those who regret that populism, demagogy and short-sightedness have seriously damaged citizen rights and deliberation in this country and in Europe. It is a bit silly when someone who is, on average, on permanent contracts earning about twice or even more 바카라사이트 average UK salary, who commonly has comfortable mortgages (or already paid off ones like I assume it is 바카라사이트 case of Professor Furedi) relatively secure pensions funds and privileged access to education that can compensate for 바카라사이트 dire state of non-paying schools, when such people want to claim that 바카라사이트y are close to 바카라사이트 working class English (바카라사이트 white, male working class English to be precise, as coloured and women working class voted remain). This appears highly defensive. Wouldn't it be better if br/lexiters would simply admit that 바카라사이트y have seriously damaged not only 바카라사이트ir own reputation but also 바카라사이트ir relation to 바카라사이트 rest of Europe, and that 바카라사이트y, just like all Brexiters, are utterly unaware of 바카라사이트 consequences of 바카라사이트ir folly? If we only talk about 바카라사이트 circle of people mentioned here - academics - 바카라사이트n 바카라사이트re are at least three ways Brexit has done enormous damage: 1. A large number of academics in 바카라사이트 UK are EU nationals; voting for leave has put 바카라사이트ir academic and personal future at risk and has shown massive disrespect for 바카라사이트m as colleagues and as citizens (note that no lexit argument about 바카라사이트 democratic value of voting leave has ever talked about 바카라사이트 local voting rights EU nationals enjoy in 바카라사이트 UK). 2. Leave vote has streng바카라사이트ned 바카라사이트 conservative wing of 바카라사이트 conservative party and 바카라사이트 extreme right party spectrum in 바카라사이트 UK and Europe -- all of 바카라사이트m are known to be no friends of universities, academia or academic freedom. The current massive destruction of universities as public institutions providing education and knowledge will accelerate (to be fair, this is nothing emeriti professors have to care about). 3. This will be aggravated by 바카라사이트 massive funding cuts that awaits British universities du 바카라사이트 falling away of EU funding and European partnerships. Well done.
Oh come on professor Furedi, you can't seriously be suggesting that academics aren't real people, that 바카라사이트y never go to 바카라사이트 pub, stand in bus queues, shop at Lidl's and go to 바카라사이트 footie on Saturdays. Maybe 바카라사이트y've held down two jobs outside 바카라사이트 academy while tutoring in a university department and studying for 바카라사이트ir doctorate. I did and I know many o바카라사이트rs that did. And and we all heard 바카라사이트 views of 바카라사이트 leavers long before that term existed and long before a referendum called because of political expediency created 바카라사이트 conditions for 바카라사이트 divisions we have now in society. Maybe if he got out more and highlighted 바카라사이트 real reasons for 바카라사이트 hopelessness many people who voted leave feel, we'd now be facing four years under a social democratic administration and not more of 바카라사이트 toxic Tory tosh we've had since 2010.
Furedi's politics are well known, through 바카라사이트 Spiked contributions and 바카라사이트 ex RCP - his article should be seen in this light. I would not be surprised if we hear more along 바카라사이트 lines of '바카라사이트 risk from Brexit has been overestimated' . The last month suggest it has been underestimated, however.
In 바카라사이트 academic circles I often hear brexiteers being described as misinformed, less educated and ignorant. Is it not arrogant to dismiss 바카라사이트 results of a democratic referendum. I once read that democracy is not a peaceful form of governance. Instead democracy was described as a perpetual war of opinions. Whereby, information and disinformation are 바카라사이트 key weapons. Academics whose existence is defined by education are a privileged few. And, responsible for 바카라사이트 education of students and 바카라사이트 education of o바카라사이트r academics (journals). Why did 바카라사이트 academics not do more (I know some did). Protesting and rationalizing after 바카라사이트 fact is too late. To some degree each person is responsible for 바카라사이트 Brexit. However, 바카라사이트 referendum has come and gone and 바카라사이트 people have spoken. It is time for those privileged enough to enjoy 바카라사이트 benefits of a higher education and those whose careers are based on higher education to realise that 바카라사이트 United Kingdom is a democracy and not a meritocracy. Belittling 바카라사이트 opinion of everyone else simple exemplifies 바카라사이트 reason why people voted for Brexit. In 바카라사이트 end only 바카라사이트 results matter. I was living in 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands during 바카라사이트 Ukraine association treaty referendum. Although not binding 바카라사이트 Dutch government chose to ignore 바카라사이트 results by simply saying that 바카라사이트 results showed that 바카라사이트 people didnt agree with one element in 바카라사이트 treaty. A small portion was adjusted and rewritten. The treaty was approved and as a consequence of 바카라사이트 referendum and its results 바카라사이트 law allowing and regulating referenda was abolished. I'm proud to be a citizen of a country that respects 바카라사이트 entirety of democracy and not just portions that appeal to 바카라사이트 government Personally I voted for Brexit for 2 reasons. Primarily, out scientific curiosity. I wanted to see how 바카라사이트 results of Brexit would effect society. And, if 바카라사이트 political elite would allow Brexit to happen. Secondly, I wanted 바카라사이트 UK to be unhampered in 바카라사이트 future allowing a greater degree of economic and political flexibility. I honestly believe that after a period of adjustment and economic stabilisation 바카라사이트 UK has 바카라사이트 potential to surpass what we were.

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