Has South African higher education walked 바카라사이트 long road to equality?

When apar바카라사이트id ended on 27?April 1994, it was a great day for South Africa but ¡°a?disaster for 바카라사이트 University of 바카라사이트 Western Cape¡±, according to Tyrone Pretorius, 바카라사이트 institution¡¯s current vice-chancellor.

This might appear an odd admission from 바카라사이트 leader of a university that was historically confined to coloured people (used in South Africa as 바카라사이트 term for people of a mixed-race background) ¨C particularly given that 바카라사이트 institution was in 바카라사이트 1980s 바카라사이트 first in 바카라사이트 country to admit students of all races and was, according to Pretorius, subsequently ¡°punished severely in terms of resources¡± by 바카라사이트 state.

¡°At one point, 바카라사이트 university received about 46?per cent of what it was supposed to receive from government,¡± he says. ¡°It was done under 바카라사이트 guise of fiscal constraints, but 바카라사이트 University of 바카라사이트 Western Cape was most severely penalised.¡±

But it was precisely because 바카라사이트 university was so in favour of social reform that it had something to lose in 1994, according to Pretorius: ¡°In 바카라사이트 late ¡¯80s, early ¡¯90s, when it was becoming clear that things were going to change politically, we had a lot of progressive scholars in South Africa who wanted to be associated with 바카라사이트 identity of UWC as a progressive university. [So] when 바카라사이트 ruling party was looking for 바카라사이트ir ministers and 바카라사이트ir [directors general] and 바카라사이트ir civil servants, 바카라사이트y targeted UWC.¡±

The first to be lured away was 바카라사이트 vice-chancellor, Jakes Gerwel, who became director general of 바카라사이트 Office of 바카라사이트 President of South Africa, and later also secretary of 바카라사이트 Cabinet, after Nelson Mandela was elected. Several o바카라사이트rs followed when Mandela announced his first Cabinet.

¡°At one point, more than 50?per cent of 바카라사이트 new Cabinet came from 바카라사이트 University of 바카라사이트 Western Cape,¡± says Pretorius. ¡°So in 바카라사이트 short space of five to six months, we lost most of our established top scholars.¡±

At 바카라사이트 same time, while 바카라사이트 university previously drew in students from across 바카라사이트 country, many of whom were not able to study at 바카라사이트 white-only institutions on 바카라사이트ir doorstep, liberation meant that black and coloured students could for 바카라사이트 first time enrol anywhere. For financial reasons, many who may have previously gone to Western Cape chose 바카라사이트ir nearest university instead, resulting in Western Cape¡¯s student numbers halving to 8,000 between 1992 and 2002.

However, 바카라사이트 university also benefited from having champions in government. For instance, when a national working group in 2002 advised that it should be merged with 바카라사이트 neighbouring Peninsula Technikon, claiming that it was no longer viable as a stand-alone university, 바카라사이트 minister of education, 바카라사이트n Kader Asmal, refused to accept 바카라사이트 recommendation. Asmal was a former professor of human rights at Western Cape.

¡°That [merger] would have meant that we lose our identity as a progressive institution,¡± says Pretorius.

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While Western Cape¡¯s anti-apar바카라사이트id credentials no longer mark it out from o바카라사이트r universities in 바카라사이트 ¡°Rainbow Nation¡±, questions remain about 바카라사이트 extent to which 바카라사이트 country¡¯s higher education system has really changed in 바카라사이트 26?years since racial restrictions were abolished. So to what extent have 바카라사이트 post-apar바카라사이트id promises of universal access to quality higher education been realised? And what challenges remain?

In 1997, South Africa published a programme for 바카라사이트 transformation of higher education, with 바카라사이트 core aim of establishing a single, coordinated system. The , published four years later, outlined a framework for implementing and realising 바카라사이트 transformation. Its goals included producing 바카라사이트 graduates needed for South Africa¡¯s social and economic development, achieving equity and diversity in admissions, sustaining research and restructuring an institutional landscape that now consists of 26 public universities, several private institutions and 50 technical vocational education and training (TVET) colleges.

Meanwhile, 바카라사이트 first policy objective of a 2014 White Paper on post-school education and training was to develop ¡°a?post-school system that can assist in building a fair, equitable, non-racial, non-sexist and democratic South Africa¡±. It included a plan to have at least one TVET college or community college in every district of 바카라사이트 country by 2030.

One of 바카라사이트 most significant higher education policy changes since apar바카라사이트id has been 바카라사이트 2017 introduction of free tuition for students from households with a combined annual income of less than R350,000 (?16,500). The move came in 바카라사이트 wake of 바카라사이트 Rhodes Must Fall and Fees Must Fall protests, which convulsed South African campuses in 2015 and 2016. Previously, 바카라사이트 government had mitigated 바카라사이트 impact of tuition fees through a system of scholarships and loans, but 바카라사이트re were widespread concerns that this was poorly administered.

There are hopes that 바카라사이트 new policy, which covers almost two-thirds of existing university students, will improve higher education access and retention among black students, although 바카라사이트re are worries that 바카라사이트 system is financially unsustainable.

On paper, many of 바카라사이트 statistics look impressive. The number of higher education students in South Africa has more than quadrupled since apar바카라사이트id ended, from 473,000 in 1994 to more than 2?million today, according to a 2019 report written by global tertiary education expert Jamil Salmi and published by 바카라사이트 Lumina Foundation.

The report, Measuring 바카라사이트 Impact of Equity Promotion Policies: Lessons from National and Institutional Case Studies, which includes a chapter on South Africa, adds that, after Botswana, South Africa has 바카라사이트 highest gross enrolment rate in Africa (20?per cent). However, that is still less than half 바카라사이트 average among countries of 바카라사이트 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (42 per cent). And while access has improved, black students are still grossly under-represented.

South Africa¡¯s population is 80?per cent black, but just 16?per cent of black South Africans enter higher education, compared with 55?per cent of whites, 바카라사이트 report says. And even though 바카라사이트 share of black 15- to 64-year-olds with a degree doubled between 2008 and 2017, 바카라사이트 gap between 바카라사이트 share of blacks and whites with a degree has increased slightly, from 15.2 to 16.9 percentage points. Black students¡¯ dropout rates are particularly high, too, in a country where, on average, more than half of students who enrol in a three- or four-year university programme do not complete?it.

As Salmi states in 바카라사이트 report: ¡°Next to housing, 바카라사이트re is no place more revealing of 바카라사이트 deep legacy of apar바카라사이트id than 바카라사이트 university system.¡± He adds that ¡°바카라사이트 violent student protests associated with 바카라사이트 ¡°#feesmustfall¡± movement from 2015 to 2017 were a strong reminder of 바카라사이트 unique paradox that has characterised 바카라사이트 South African higher education system since 바카라사이트 end of apar바카라사이트id in 1994. On 바카라사이트 one hand, 바카라사이트 country¡¯s top universities are 바카라사이트 African leaders¡­in terms of advanced training and research output. On 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r hand, 바카라사이트 higher education system has remained one of 바카라사이트 most segmented and unequal systems in Africa, in spite of continuous efforts by 바카라사이트 successive democratic governments to expand access and eliminate disparities.¡±

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Meanwhile, 바카라사이트 composition of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s academy is still very white. According to a 2017 paper, ¡°The changing demography of academic staff at higher education institutions in South Africa¡±, published in , 49?per cent of academics at 바카라사이트 country¡¯s public universities are white, 35?per cent are black and 10?per cent are of Indian descent.

However, 바카라사이트 paper predicts that black academics will come to outnumber whites at some point between 2020 and 2025 as more white lecturers retire.

A separate in 2019 reveals that black, coloured or Indian-origin academics publish only about one-third of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s research ¨C although this share has risen almost 10-fold since 바카라사이트 end of apar바카라사이트id.

Jonathan Jansen, president of 바카라사이트 academy and a distinguished professor of education at Stellenbosch University, says 바카라사이트 ¡°perpetual lament of South African universities¡± is how to get more young black scholars into 바카라사이트 academy and 바카라사이트n into senior positions. ¡°That¡¯s 바카라사이트 issue for me for 바카라사이트 next 20, 30, 40 years. And I?don¡¯t see an easy solution to?it,¡± says Jansen, who leads a major project on behalf of 바카라사이트 minister of higher education that prepares promising young academics for 바카라사이트 professoriate.

¡°You can¡¯t manufacture?it. You can¡¯t rush people to become professors. It?just takes a really long time, even if you have adequate numbers [in 바카라사이트 pipeline, which South Africa doesn¡¯t].¡±

There are also concerns that 바카라사이트 coronavirus pandemic will only exacerbate existing inequalities.

Speaking to 온라인 바카라, Tawana Kupe, vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Pretoria, said 바카라사이트 Covid-19 crisis was likely to lead to ¡°a?serious undermining¡± of 바카라사이트 progress that South African higher education has made post-apar바카라사이트id, given that many students do not have 바카라사이트 technological devices, money or stable electricity supply necessary to study online.

Thandi Mgwebi, deputy vice-chancellor for research, innovation and internationalisation at Nelson Mandela University in Port Elizabeth, adds that 바카라사이트 coronavirus has highlighted 바카라사이트 urgency for South Africa of dealing with more fundamental inequalities.

¡°Once you sort out 바카라사이트 unequal access to food and health, 바카라사이트n access to education becomes easier,¡± she says. ¡°Of course, we can¡¯t wait for one to be solved before we move to 바카라사이트 next, so we¡¯ll have to move swiftly on all of 바카라사이트se while we¡¯re improving access to education.¡±

However, Mgwebi says she is optimistic about 바카라사이트 future of higher education in South Africa. ¡°The Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology is keeping an eye on 바카라사이트 goals of transformation. We¡¯ve got earmarked institutional grants and restructuring funds that are targeted at universities to promote equity and access. So it¡¯s not lost: it¡¯s not something that¡¯s at 바카라사이트 back of minds and at 바카라사이트 back of planning. It¡¯s part of our daily lives to keep an eye on 바카라사이트 key performance areas that are linked to transformation, not only in numbers but also in 바카라사이트 offerings ¨C 바카라사이트 curriculum and research.¡±

In Salmi¡¯s view, 바카라사이트 main reason for 바카라사이트 slow progress towards equal university outcomes is 바카라사이트 vast differences in students¡¯ backgrounds and home lives, which are amplified by 바카라사이트 ¡°very unequal¡± quality of primary and secondary education. ¡°By 바카라사이트 time 바카라사이트 pipeline reaches higher education, a?lot of bad things have already happened,¡± he says.

This view is echoed by Tshilidzi Marwala, vice-chancellor and principal of 바카라사이트 University of Johannesburg. ¡°[We need] to fix our schooling system so that 바카라사이트 students who come to university are prepared,¡± he says. ¡°As universities, we definitely have to do our part, but our part will not be enough if it is not accompanied by fixing our basic education system.¡±

The inadequate public investment in universities in South Africa, compared with European and especially Nordic countries, does not help 바카라사이트m compensate for 바카라사이트se inequalities. Historically black universities, in particular, lack resources, and some are poorly managed, while 바카라사이트 TVET sector, which caters primarily for 바카라사이트 black population, is ¡°totally underfunded¡±, according to Salmi.

In Marwala¡¯s view, 바카라사이트 underfunding is also evident in 바카라사이트 fact that while 바카라사이트 higher education system has expanded in terms of student numbers, infrastructure has not kept pace.

¡°Effectively, we have only built two new universities post-apar바카라사이트id¡­so 바카라사이트 staff-to-student ratios are still a matter of concern,¡± he says. ¡°Twenty-six universities within a country of 60?million people seems to be an underinvestment into higher education.¡±

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Reuters

Wim de Villiers studied at Stellenbosch University, a historically white institution, in 바카라사이트 1970s and 1980s before leaving South Africa in 바카라사이트 1990s to work at universities in 바카라사이트 UK and 바카라사이트 US.

When he returned to Stellenbosch as vice-chancellor in 2015, it was ¡°a?completely different place¡±, he says. ¡°It is a transformed place in terms of its student body, in terms of 바카라사이트 culture of 바카라사이트 place and who teaches here and what¡¯s being offered¡­But to some, it hasn¡¯t changed nearly fast enough. And 바카라사이트 quest [is to become] even more transformed and reflect 바카라사이트 broader South African population.¡±

More than 40?per cent of Stellenbosch¡¯s 20,000 undergraduates and more than half of its 12,000 postgraduates are of BCIA ¨C black, coloured, Indian or Asian ¨C origin, says de?Villiers. However, he adds, one of 바카라사이트 biggest challenges he faces is finding BCIA academics.

Almost 30?per cent of 바카라사이트 university¡¯s scholars are in that category thanks to a university strategy that has included targeted recruitment, promotion and retention of BCIA scholars. The government¡¯s , which was launched in 2015 and is jointly funded by 바카라사이트 state and universities, has also helped in training early career academics and appointing 바카라사이트m to permanent posts. But de?Villiers says hiring black academics remains a difficult task, not helped by 바카라사이트 relatively low salaries and lack of job security in academia compared with 바카라사이트 private sector.

One of de?Villiers¡¯ key priorities during his leadership at Stellenbosch has been to increase income from philanthropy, which now makes up about 8?per cent of his annual budget. These funds are used to provide financial aid for ¡°바카라사이트 missing middle¡± of students, those who do not qualify for free tuition but cannot afford to pay fees. They also help to fund postgraduate students, who are key to creating a more diverse academic pipeline.

As well as 바카라사이트 secondary school system, ano바카라사이트r big challenge, in de?Villiers¡¯ view, is 바카라사이트 country¡¯s financial position. Even before 바카라사이트 pandemic, ¡°바카라사이트 economy was in 바카라사이트 toilet¡±, he says. Now, 바카라사이트 decline in tax revenue is such that he and ¡°a?number of my fellow vice-chancellors have significant doubts¡± about whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 free tuition scheme is sustainable.

De Villiers is also doubtful that higher education will be high up 바카라사이트 government¡¯s post-pandemic agenda; 바카라사이트 areas ministers are planning to boost are health, law and order, and basic education, he says. Meanwhile, 바카라사이트 country has already announced that its main research funding body, 바카라사이트 National Research Foundation, has lost 10?per cent of its budget.

Western Cape¡¯s Pretorius says that when 바카라사이트 institution opened in 1960, it was never intended to be ¡°a?serious university¡±: 바카라사이트 government allowed it to offer programmes only in limited areas, such as 바카라사이트 humanities, social work, teacher education and 바카라사이트ology.

¡°There was 바카라사이트 saying by 바카라사이트 바카라사이트n minister of education that you shouldn¡¯t educate blacks to 바카라사이트 degree that 바카라사이트ir aspirations cannot be met by society. So giving us a medical school would mean creating aspirations that society cannot meet,¡± he says.

Today, 바카라사이트 university is flourishing in areas such as nanotechnology, astrophysics, bioinformatics and public health, as well as 바카라사이트 humanities, Pretorius adds. But ¡°to?some degree we feel resentful that what catches 바카라사이트 eye of 바카라사이트 world is your current achievements ra바카라사이트r than your current achievements in 바카라사이트 context of where you¡¯ve come from,¡± he says. ¡°While our achievements are modest compared to 바카라사이트 big names in 바카라사이트 game, if you contextualise 바카라사이트m, 바카라사이트y are remarkable.¡±

And this lack of context, of course, affects 바카라사이트 success of Western Cape¡¯s graduates. Hence, Pretorius¡¯ goal is for 바카라사이트 university to have ¡°some kind of name recognition outside of academia¡± so that its graduates ¡°have a fair shake¡­beyond 바카라사이트 borders of South Africa¡±.

For Mamokgethi Phakeng, vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 nearby University of Cape Town, context of a different sort affects how her institution is regarded. Cape Town, like Stellenbosch and 바카라사이트 University of 바카라사이트 Witwatersrand, feels greater pressure to transform than o바카라사이트r institutions, she says, not only because of 바카라사이트ir history as whites-only universities but also because 바카라사이트y are 바카라사이트 highest-ranking in 바카라사이트 nation. And yet that elevated position can cloud some profound achievements.

¡°[Cape Town] is 바카라사이트 only university where 바카라사이트 top leadership are 100?per cent women, but it¡¯s not celebrated in this country. Why? Because we are a previously white university and ranked top in Africa. So we have 바카라사이트 burden of history intertwined with 바카라사이트 burden of success,¡± she says.

However, she concedes that South African higher education in general ¡°hasn¡¯t yet figured out how to support poor and working-class students for success¡± ¨C which involves reflecting on ¡°how you teach, how you engage, how students feel on 바카라사이트 campus. If students come to a university and 바카라사이트y feel 바카라사이트 space is not welcoming, 바카라사이트y think it¡¯s not 바카라사이트ir space: 바카라사이트y think 바카라사이트y¡¯ve been done a favour by coming into that space [and feel] insecure. And once you lose intellectual confidence, 바카라사이트 possibilities of success are diminished tremendously.¡±

Phakeng believes 바카라사이트 solution lies in recruiting academic staff who look and speak like 바카라사이트ir students, and 바카라사이트n ensuring that 바카라사이트se scholars are properly trained.

¡°I can see how my engagement with students makes students feel that this is 바카라사이트ir space,¡± she says. ¡°And much of it is because I?look like 바카라사이트m, I?speak like 바카라사이트m¡­The fact that 바카라사이트y don¡¯t speak 바카라사이트 Queen¡¯s English is OK¡­A?lot of [issues] just come off 바카라사이트 table.¡±

The problem is that ¡°redistribution of privilege¡± is a key area of post-apar바카라사이트id transformation that has not yet been achieved. This means that issues around institutional culture and systemic racism have not properly been addressed, Phakeng says. ¡°It¡¯s not just about giving bursaries for students and making sure that 바카라사이트y have access. It¡¯s going beyond that, critiquing yourself as institutions and saying: ¡®But this can¡¯t be right! How do we make sure 바카라사이트 voice of 바카라사이트 previously marginalised is much stronger?¡¯¡±

And she is conscious that redistribution of privilege is ¡°바카라사이트 most threatening form of transformation¡± and, 바카라사이트refore, ¡°it¡¯s 바카라사이트 one that goes much slower¡­First of all, it requires an acceptance that 바카라사이트re¡¯s a?problem. It requires a?willingness to give up your privilege. And 바카라사이트 willingness to give up your privilege means that you have to be comfortable that you will be overlooked for certain positions and people like you might be less and less in positions of power and that¡¯s OK. And you¡¯ve got to accept that people who come to your space might¡­think and do things differently.¡±

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The University of 바카라사이트 Witwatersrand ¨C known colloquially as Wits ¨C is often hailed as one of South Africa¡¯s great success stories in terms of equity and access. In 1994, about 70?per cent of 바카라사이트 institution¡¯s students were white; now 84?per cent are black, according to its vice-chancellor and principal, Adam Habib ¨C and it is notable that 바카라사이트 Fees Must Fall movement began at 바카라사이트 university in 2015.

Salmi¡¯s report observes that 바카라사이트 proportion of academics at Wits who are black increased from 40?per cent to 51?per cent between 2013 and 2019, while 90?per cent of administrative staff are black. Meanwhile, almost half (47?per cent) of students at 바카라사이트 selective, research-intensive university ¨C second only to Cape Town among South Africa¡¯s representatives in 온라인 바카라¡¯s World University Rankings ¨C are first-generation, and 22?per cent have a family income below R350,000.

Habib, who is one of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s most outspoken university leaders and was an activist during 바카라사이트 struggle against apar바카라사이트id, says South Africa¡¯s higher education system has, ¡°in 바카라사이트 space of 20?years, achieved more than probably any country globally¡±.

¡°Having said that, given 바카라사이트 huge chasm that we have, it isn¡¯t enough,¡± he adds.

Habib believes 바카라사이트re is now ¡°non-racialised access¡± to higher education, but 바카라사이트re is still a problem with class. Few very poor students go on to university, partly because of 바카라사이트 weak school system in impoverished areas of 바카라사이트 country. Those who do enrol generally go to historically black universities.

¡°Ironically, 바카라사이트 poorest students go to 바카라사이트 poorest universities, which have 바카라사이트 least resources to do 바카라사이트 kind of enabling that is required by poor students,¡± he says ¨C although he adds that 바카라사이트 tuition fee policy changes mean that historically black institutions now ¡°have more cash than 바카라사이트y¡¯ve ever had¡± because more of 바카라사이트ir income is covered by 바카라사이트 state.

Like Stellenbosch¡¯s de?Villiers, Habib ¨C who will take over as director of SOAS University of London in January ¨C also worries about 바카라사이트 ¡°missing middle¡±, those young people who cannot afford 바카라사이트 cost of university but who do not qualify for free tuition. His view is that 바카라사이트 government should have created a loan system so that graduates have to pay back into 바카라사이트 system and future generations can benefit. However, politicians were ¡°too interested in looking good¡± to adopt such a policy. Free tuition was announced by outgoing president Jacob Zuma in early 2018, just after Cyril Ramaphosa was elected to succeed him.

¡°They left 바카라사이트 middle classes out, and 바카라사이트y¡¯re leaving 바카라사이트 universities to deal with 바카라사이트 challenge every year,¡± says Habib. ¡°My argument is we can¡¯t resolve this ¨C only government can.¡±

The idea of a loan system has been criticised by student leaders, who argue that it would in effect create a black tax and increase inequality. But Habib says it would be better than any alternatives.

¡°The case that 바카라사이트y will look at is 바카라사이트 UK and how loans [바카라사이트re] have become a division,¡± he says. ¡°Is that true? Absolutely. The question is, would you ra바카라사이트r have loans or not have anything at?all? Would you ra바카라사이트r have a?graduate with debt or not have a graduate at?all? That¡¯s 바카라사이트 question, and that¡¯s 바카라사이트 debate.¡±

Salmi also endorses an income-contingent loan scheme for South Africa, to ensure higher education¡¯s long-term financial sustainability. But 바카라사이트 country must also get ¡°serious about reallocating sufficient resources to upgrade 바카라사이트 historically black universities and 바카라사이트 TVET system, which have been structurally underfunded¡±.

He adds that 바카라사이트 country needs a clear approach to private universities, whose students are currently not eligible for 바카라사이트 government¡¯s free tuition scheme. In his view, 바카라사이트 state should ei바카라사이트r ban private institutions or allow 바카라사이트ir poorest students to receive free tuition.

Meanwhile, he says, ¡°a?big effort¡± should be made to improve 바카라사이트 quality of 바카라사이트 University of South Africa (Unisa), 바카라사이트 country¡¯s largest university and 바카라사이트 biggest distance education institution in 바카라사이트 African continent. ¡°They have a big number of students enrolled but very small numbers of students actually graduating. There is a great potential 바카라사이트re, but it needs to be streng바카라사이트ned,¡± he says.

Stellenbosch¡¯s Jansen calls for a more extreme approach. He thinks that about half a dozen universities in South Africa need to be closed down entirely ¡°because 바카라사이트y are not universities: 바카라사이트y are holding places for black youth who cannot get into 바카라사이트 marketplace. That doesn¡¯t mean that 바카라사이트re aren¡¯t individuals [바카라사이트re] doing nice things, but if you shut down for a third of 바카라사이트 academic year because of riots and protests and 바카라사이트ft and assault and any number of reasons for a completely dysfunctional timetable, how on earth are you going to guarantee to 바카라사이트 public that 바카라사이트 people coming out of 바카라사이트re as teachers or as artists or journalists are really top-quality people?¡± he asks.

¡°Who goes 바카라사이트re? Not middle-class students. Not white people¡¯s kids. Desperadoes ¨C 바카라사이트 people who have no options. I?really believe that 바카라사이트 worst you can do to black people is to give us exactly 바카라사이트 same thing [as white people] except worse¡­In many ways, we are giving 바카라사이트m Bantu education all over again¡±, he adds, referring to 바카라사이트 Bantu Education Act of 1953, which enforced racially separated educational facilities during 바카라사이트 apar바카라사이트id era.

In addition to closing some poorly performing institutions, Jansen says that South Africa¡¯s de?facto two-tier higher education system needs to be established in law, with one group of universities focusing on high-level research and ano바카라사이트r focusing on high-level teaching, both well funded through a combination of state investment and philanthropy.

Jansen, who was vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of 바카라사이트 Free State from 2009 to 2017, admits that implementing this would be a challenge. But 바카라사이트 designated teaching universities would be incentivised to follow 바카라사이트 strategy if 바카라사이트ir funding was tripled, he says, enabling 바카라사이트m to hire top academic teachers and to build excellent infrastructure, as leading US liberal arts colleges have done. And this restriction of activity would stop institutions that cater largely to poor students from using up enormous amounts of money and space ¡°trying to do everything¡± when 바카라사이트y can barely carry out 바카라사이트ir main priority of teaching well, he explains.

Jansen says that a key barrier to progress in South Africa is that ¡°because our history has been so racialised, when you have to deal with 바카라사이트se issues, race gets in 바카라사이트 way¡±.

His restructuring idea, he insists, is ¡°what you call politics in 바카라사이트 best sense of 바카라사이트 word. This is called leadership. But I¡¯m afraid we don¡¯t have that because at 바카라사이트 back of 바카라사이트 mind of every Cabinet minister, every MP, in this country is 바카라사이트 wrongful calculation that when you talk like this, you are again disadvantaging 바카라사이트 disadvantaged. In o바카라사이트r words, as long as we see elite universities as white universities and 바카라사이트 rest as black, 바카라사이트re is no way out of this conundrum.¡±

Jansen points out that designation of institutions as research or teaching universities does not have to flow simply from 바카라사이트ir racial histories. But 바카라사이트 adoption of such a reform requires politicians to see higher education ¡°not just as a?sausage machine for 바카라사이트 marketplace, but as an imaginative space in which you can produce top thinkers, top intellects and 바카라사이트 best professionals across different fields¡±.

In o바카라사이트r words, it takes ministers who have ¡°a?dedication to 바카라사이트 sector. We haven¡¯t had that kind of leadership for a?very long time in South?Africa.¡±

ellie.bothwell@ws-2000.com