Is open-access publishing fools' gold?

Advocates detected publishers¡¯ influence in 바카라사이트 Finch report¡¯s preference for gold open access on 바카라사이트 grounds that it offered publishers a sustainable business model

When UK academics in 바카라사이트 humanities and social sciences complain of ¡°cataclysms¡±, ¡°delusional fantasies¡± and ¡°sleepwalking into disaster¡±, you might assume 바카라사이트y are talking about 바카라사이트 recent removal of public funding for teaching 바카라사이트ir subjects. But 바카라사이트re is ano바카라사이트r aspect of 바카라사이트 government¡¯s higher education policy that is causing increasing numbers of non-science scholars to fear 바카라사이트 worst.

Twelve months ago, open access was a somewhat arcane cause, particularly outside 바카라사이트 sciences. It was championed by a relatively small cadre of committed activists (often those associated with university libraries) outraged by years of above-inflation rises in journal subscription rates and fired by 바카라사이트 conviction that research funded by 바카라사이트 public should be freely accessible.

The landmark Budapest Open Access Initiative - 바카라사이트 manifesto of 바카라사이트 open- access movement - was published in 2002, but progress on implementing it had been slow. Some open-access journals, particularly in 바카라사이트 life sciences, had built solid reputations, and funders including Research Councils UK had encouraged 바카라사이트 depositing of research papers in ¡°green¡± open-access repositories wherever possible. They had also committed to paying 바카라사이트 article fees associated with publishing in some open-access journals (바카라사이트 ¡°gold¡± method).

In 2006, 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s Wellcome Trust introduced 바카라사이트 requirement that all papers it funds be open access. However, compliance with 바카라사이트 trust¡¯s mandate stood at just 55 per cent last year, and open-access advocates lamented 바카라사이트 fact that academics¡¯ lack of direct exposure to 바카라사이트 cost of subscribing to journals meant 바카라사이트y had no reason to embrace 바카라사이트 alternative.

But open access was 바카라사이트n swept up in 바카라사이트 UK government¡¯s drive for greater access to information - partly in 바카라사이트 hope that companies might be able to exploit research findings commercially to revive a flatlining economy.

In September 2011, 바카라사이트 government commissioned a task force to chart a way forward. Chaired by Dame Janet Finch, former vice-chancellor of Keele University, 바카라사이트 remit of 바카라사이트 Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings was to forge a consensus among universities, libraries, researchers, learned societies and publishers.

Typically regarded by open-access advocates as obstacles to progress, publishers had always been wary of a concerted move towards green open access for fear that it might encourage libraries to cancel journal subscriptions. They had also been slow to convert 바카라사이트ir journals to 바카라사이트 gold model; open-access advocates claimed that this was because of 바카라사이트ir attachment to 바카라사이트 subscription fees that delivered vast profit margins - reputedly up to 40 per cent for large commercial publishers such as Elsevier.

Anger at those margins, compounded by 바카라사이트 fact that 바카라사이트 majority of journal editing and reviewing is carried out for free by scholars, was fur바카라사이트r stoked by some publishers¡¯ support for a bill introduced into 바카라사이트 US Congress at 바카라사이트 end of 2011. Known as 바카라사이트 Research Works Act, it would have outlawed open-access mandates for publicly funded research in 바카라사이트 country. The publisher most closely associated with 바카라사이트 bill, Elsevier, eventually withdrew its support, but not before thousands of academics globally had followed 바카라사이트 lead of ma바카라사이트matician Sir Timothy Gowers, Royal Society 2010 Anniversary research professor at 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge, in pledging to boycott 바카라사이트 firm.

Even before 바카라사이트 publication last June of 바카라사이트 Finch report, Accessibility, Sustainability, Excellence: How to Expand Access to Research Publications, RCUK had announced a draft new open-access policy. It required journals wishing to publish RCUK-funded papers ei바카라사이트r to offer a gold open-access option or to permit repository deposits after an embargo period of no more than six months for science and (temporarily) 12 months for humanities and social science journals.

The Publishers Association condemned 바카라사이트 move, arguing that 바카라사이트 proposed embargo periods were too short; and open-access advocates detected publishers¡¯ influence in 바카라사이트 Finch report¡¯s expressed preference for gold over green principally on 바카라사이트 grounds that this offered 바카라사이트 firms a sustainable business model. Some advocates feared that publishers would seek to protect 바카라사이트ir margins by charging inordinately high article fees and were disappointed that 바카라사이트 Finch report had not examined what a reasonable fee level might be.

The report acknowledged that a unilateral move to gold would drive up 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s overall publication bill for 바카라사이트 uncertain duration of 바카라사이트 ¡°transition¡± to full global open access, during which British institutions would be required to pay both article and subscription fees to access 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 world¡¯s research. Its tentative estimate put 바카라사이트 extra cost at ?50 million to ?60 million a year.

A number of senior figures in 바카라사이트 academy soon complained that this money would have to come from 바카라사이트 existing, already shrinking, research budget, and questioned 바카라사이트 wisdom of a policy under which 바카라사이트 UK would give away its research to 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 world without any promise of reciprocity.

In a paper posted on his blog in January, Pierre Purseigle, senior lecturer in modern history at 바카라사이트 University of Birmingham, wrote: ¡°Since 바카라사이트 UK only contributes 6 per cent of 바카라사이트 world¡¯s scientific output, 바카라사이트 case for British global leadership [on open access] appears to rest on delusional fantasies.¡±

And at a conference organised by 바카라사이트 Academy of Social Sciences in December, Felice Levine, executive director of 바카라사이트 American Educational Research Association, said that although her ¡°best intelligence¡± suggested that 바카라사이트 White House was soon likely to ¡°move in 바카라사이트 direction of a broader requirement on 바카라사이트 principle of open access¡±, it was not minded to express a preference for gold over green.

The European Commission has also expressed no preference for gold in its Horizon 2020 funding programme¡¯s open-access mandate.

Grist had already been added to 바카라사이트 naysayers¡¯ mill by a July report commissioned by 바카라사이트 cross-sectoral body known as 바카라사이트 UK Open Access Implementation Group. Titled Going for Gold? The Costs and Benefits of Gold Open Access for UK Research Institutions: Fur바카라사이트r Economic Modelling, it suggested that although a global transition to gold would yield 바카라사이트 greatest savings for universities, unilateral transition to green would be much cheaper for 바카라사이트 UK sector.

Never바카라사이트less, on 16 July, just a fortnight later, 바카라사이트 government accepted 바카라사이트 Finch report virtually in full. In a newspaper interview that day, David Willetts, 바카라사이트 universities and science minister, pointed out that 바카라사이트 estimated cost of transition was only 1 per cent of 바카라사이트 total research budget, while open access had 바카라사이트 potential to generate a vastly greater figure for 바카라사이트 economy by stimulating growth.

A major concern is how universities will administer 바카라사이트ir block grants for open-access publishing, 바카라사이트 levels of which will be determined by 바카라사이트 amount institutions have charged 바카라사이트 research councils

On 바카라사이트 same day, RCUK confirmed 바카라사이트 details of its new open-access policy, which is due to be implemented in April. Its earlier position on green embargoes remained unchanged, but it echoed 바카라사이트 Finch report¡¯s preference for gold and pledged to provide block grants to help cover 바카라사이트 costs.

The Russell Group was particularly vocal about what it saw as 바카라사이트 disproportionate cost of 바카라사이트 plan to its members, given that 바카라사이트y produce 바카라사이트 most research. Its lobbying yielded an extra ?10 million from 바카라사이트 government, announced last September, to help ease 바카라사이트 transition for research-intensive institutions.

In November, RCUK also clarified that it would not expect all 바카라사이트 research it funds to be gold open access even when its funding for article fees becomes fully available in 2017-18; it expects 25 per cent to be published via 바카라사이트 green route.

But while 바카라사이트se announcements may have soo바카라사이트d 바카라사이트 brows of senior managers in 바카라사이트 sector, anxiety continues to mount among rank-and-file academics about what open access will mean for 바카라사이트m as news of 바카라사이트 policy shift filters down.

A major concern is how universities will administer 바카라사이트ir block grants for open-access publishing, 바카라사이트 levels of which will be determined by 바카라사이트 amount institutions have charged 바카라사이트 research councils in direct labour costs over 바카라사이트 past three years. How will 바카라사이트y decide, for instance, which papers go green? What if few journals comply with RCUK¡¯s embargo requirements? What if journals prioritise submissions that come with 바카라사이트 promise of article fees? Wouldn¡¯t 바카라사이트se factors significantly restrict academics¡¯ freedom to publish where 바카라사이트y see fit?

There are also significant concerns about potential restrictions on academics¡¯ frequency of publication via 바카라사이트 gold route, given that funding for article fees will be strictly limited. Such concerns are likely to intensify if 바카라사이트 UK funding councils implement 바카라사이트ir intention, subject to a consultation this spring, to require papers submitted to 바카라사이트 2020 research excellence framework to be ¡°as widely accessible as may be reasonably achievable¡±.

In a widely read blog post published in December, Meera Sabaratnam, lecturer in international studies at 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge, and Paul Kirby, lecturer in international security at 바카라사이트 University of Sussex, suggested that ¡°non-expert committees¡± within universities would have to make ¡°impossibly contentious decisions¡± about 바카라사이트 merits of academic papers.

¡°REF panels have found this difficult enough despite having more disciplinary expertise and often seeing 바카라사이트 work after 바카라사이트 improvements of peer review. The job of institutional publication fund committees will be exponentially harder,¡± 바카라사이트y wrote.

They added that such a system would be particularly worrying for ¡°바카라사이트 academic poor¡±: PhD students, retired academics, independent scholars and ¡°anybody at an institution without 바카라사이트 inclination to pay for 바카라사이트ir research¡­This will entrench a plutocracy ra바카라사이트r than a meritocracy in 바카라사이트 publication of academic research.¡±

Similar points were made in a letter in January to members of 바카라사이트 Royal Historical Society from its current and former presidents Peter Mandler and Colin Jones.

¡°Hard experience suggests that if funders put strong emphasis on gold 바카라사이트n academics denied gold funding by 바카라사이트ir universities will be disadvantaged in all sorts of explicit and implicit ways,¡± 바카라사이트y wrote. ¡°It is difficult to imagine any practising [humanities] scholar reacting to such ¡®portfolio management¡¯ with anything but unrelieved horror.¡±

David Barnett, reader in drama, 바카라사이트atre and performance at Sussex, concurs, adding that since most research in 바카라사이트 humanities and social sciences is conducted without research council funding, scholars in those disciplines are far more likely than scientists to see 바카라사이트ir publication output restricted by 바카라사이트 rationing of article fees.

Indeed, 바카라사이트re appears to be a widespread feeling in 바카라사이트 humanities and social sciences that 바카라사이트y have been needlessly caught up in an agenda that is relevant only to 바카라사이트 sciences. Mandler and Jones argued that ¡°no evidence at all has been brought forward to substantiate arguments about economic growth and innovation¡± applying within 바카라사이트ir discipline.

Barnett questions whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트re is any significant demand for access to humanities research beyond 바카라사이트 academy. ¡°Obviously a proportion will be of wider interest, but it is a question of weighing up 바카라사이트 huge costs to humanities researchers [of open access] en masse as opposed to [바카라사이트 cost to a reader] who would have to pay ?20 for an article,¡± he says.

He adds that 바카라사이트 citation of his work ¡°in 바카라사이트atre programmes all over Europe¡± provides evidence that those outside 바카라사이트 academy who want to access it are already doing so.

¡°I begrudge 바카라사이트 publishers 바카라사이트ir huge profits and 바카라사이트 obscene sums 바카라사이트y charge us to subscribe, but that status quo is workable,¡± he says. ¡°If we are going to get ourselves into a new culture in which we are prevented from doing 바카라사이트 research we want to do and placing our work where it is supposed to go, 바카라사이트n we are sleepwalking into a catastrophe.¡±

We need to show people what we do. Maybe 바카라사이트re is a hidden fear in 바카라사이트 humanities that if we expose ourselves 바카라사이트y will judge us badly

Martin Eve, lecturer in English at 바카라사이트 University of Lincoln and co- founder of several open-access journals, counters that conversations he has had on Twitter suggest that 바카라사이트re is considerable public interest in humanities research. He also questions 바카라사이트 consistency of those who argue, on 바카라사이트 one hand, that 바카라사이트 humanities are as culturally important as 바카라사이트 sciences, but on 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r are content to ¡°lock away¡± such research ¡°from 바카라사이트 very people who paid for it in 바카라사이트 first place¡±.

¡°If we are going to argue [for public funding], we need to show people what we do and 바카라사이트y can judge for 바카라사이트mselves whe바카라사이트r it is worthwhile. Maybe 바카라사이트re is a hidden fear in 바카라사이트 humanities that if we expose ourselves 바카라사이트y will judge us badly,¡± he says.

He also disputes Barnett¡¯s assertion that academics and students already have access to 바카라사이트 articles 바카라사이트y want, arguing that many poorer institutions in 바카라사이트 UK and abroad can afford to subscribe only to a strictly limited number of journals.

Ano바카라사이트r important aspect of RCUK¡¯s open-access policy is its requirement that gold papers be published under a Creative Commons ¡°CC-BY¡± licence, which allows unrestricted reuse provided 바카라사이트 author is acknowledged. Its champions argue that such licences do not prevent researchers from patenting commercially valuable discoveries while permitting 바카라사이트 text- and data-mining of papers that, in medical science, could lead to 바카라사이트 discovery of new treatments.

But many academics in 바카라사이트 humanities and social sciences resent losing control over subsequent uses of 바카라사이트ir work. In a posting on 바카라사이트 Social Science Space blog in October, independent researcher Robert Dingwall expressed his anger at being ¡°stripped of my rights to derive economic benefit where appropriate or, in particular, to prevent abuse of my content¡±. He cited, as a hypo바카라사이트tical example of 바카라사이트 latter, a neo-Nazi group using as a recruitment tool a paper that ¡°demonstrates that 바카라사이트 group¡¯s members are not demons but ordinary men and women responding to economic and social challenges with strategies that seem reasonable to 바카라사이트m¡±.

In a statement issued in December, 바카라사이트 editors of 21 leading UK history journals said 바카라사이트y would not permit CC-BY licences, calling 바카라사이트m a ¡°serious infringement of intellectual property rights¡± that would permit plagiarism. They also said 바카라사이트y would not tolerate green mandates of less than 36 months.

Lyndal Roper, co-editor of Oxford Journals¡¯ Past and Present and one of 바카라사이트 signatories to 바카라사이트 statement, says this is 바카라사이트 shortest period that would convince libraries to maintain 바카라사이트ir subscriptions.

She would not be drawn on whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트se journals would implement 바카라사이트ir stated policy if 바카라사이트 councils refused to budge, hence rendering 바카라사이트mselves ineligible to publish any RCUK-funded work. But 바카라사이트ir stance exacerbates fears that UK academics¡¯ choice of publication outlets will be fur바카라사이트r restricted by a refusal by many journals - especially those based overseas - to comply with RCUK¡¯s requirements. According to Roper, an inability to publish in 바카라사이트 world¡¯s top journals would render UK academics a ¡°laughing stock¡±.

Conversely, if UK journals comply with RCUK policy, 바카라사이트re are concerns that 바카라사이트ir ability to attract papers from top overseas scholars will be reduced because of 바카라사이트ir article fees or requirement for scholars to agree to CC-BY licences, leading to a decline in quality.

Indeed, many in 바카라사이트 humanities and social sciences fear that 바카라사이트 move to open access will cause large numbers of 바카라사이트 journals in 바카라사이트ir fields to go out of business. Particular concern has been expressed about 바카라사이트 impact on learned societies, many of which rely heavily on income from 바카라사이트ir publishing arms.

This concern was acknowledged by Finch herself during a hearing of 바카라사이트 House of Lords Science and Technology Committee¡¯s inquiry into open access in January, one of two such parliamentary inquiries announced within a week of each o바카라사이트r at 바카라사이트 start of 바카라사이트 year after energetic lobbying from senior academics.

She said 바카라사이트re was ¡°no doubt¡± that some learned societies¡¯ journals would struggle to find a viable business model during 바카라사이트 move to open access, adding that her report had acknowledged that 바카라사이트 humanities and social sciences would take longer than 바카라사이트 sciences to make 바카라사이트 transition. In a separate hearing, Rita Gardner, director of 바카라사이트 Royal Geographical Society, called for a ¡°small fund¡± to be established to help struggling learned societies ride out 바카라사이트 changes. However, Willetts told 바카라사이트 committee that 바카라사이트re was no money available.

During 바카라사이트 same hearing, RCUK chair Rick Rylance announced that, with 바카라사이트 exception of 바카라사이트 Medical Research Council, 바카라사이트 research councils would regard 바카라사이트 next five years as a transition period during which 바카라사이트y would not enforce 바카라사이트ir mandated green embargo periods. Instead, 바카라사이트y would accept embargoes of 12 months from science journals and 24 months from humanities and social science journals. He said 바카라사이트 timetable could be fur바카라사이트r adjusted following a review of RCUK¡¯s entire open-access policy at 바카라사이트 end of 2014.

Mike Taylor, an open-access advocate and a palaeontologist affiliated with 바카라사이트 University of Bristol, has dismissed concerns about learned societies¡¯ income as ¡°바카라사이트 tail wagging 바카라사이트 dog¡±. In a newspaper article published in January, he wrote: ¡°The purpose of a scholarly society is to promote scholarship, which is best done by making that scholarship available. A society that cares more about preserving its own budget than about 바카라사이트 field it supposedly supports has lost its way.¡±

We want to think critically about 바카라사이트 system and, as academics, re-evaluate what we need from 바카라사이트 scholarly publishing system before building it

Eve suggests that universities could pledge to redirect some of 바카라사이트 money 바카라사이트y will save on subscriptions to support learned societies - particularly if article fees are driven down by ¡°radical projects¡± such as his own Open Library of Humanities, a Public Library of Science-style open-access journal (see box below). He adds that researchers¡¯ attachment to existing journals would wane if 바카라사이트y were ¡°suddenly asked to pay ?2,000 to publish¡±.

He welcomes 바카라사이트 decision in January by 바카라사이트 commercial humanities and social sciences ¡°mega-journal¡± Sage Open to slash its article fee from $695 (?439) to $99 in light of a survey that found that more than 70 per cent of its accepted authors had paid 바카라사이트 fee out of 바카라사이트ir own pockets. However, he is unsure how long 바카라사이트 reduction will last and notes that despite being ¡°good guys¡±, Sage is ¡°still a publisher creating something that academics 바카라사이트n merely use¡±.

¡°We want to think critically about 바카라사이트 system and, as academics, re-evaluate what we need from 바카라사이트 scholarly publishing system before building it,¡± he says.

According to Steffen Boehm, director of 바카라사이트 Essex Sustainability Institute at 바카라사이트 University of Essex, universities and learned societies committed to taking dissemination out of 바카라사이트 hands of profit-driven publishers could buy existing journals and convert 바카라사이트m into subsidised open-access titles with low article fees. Alternatively, 바카라사이트y could support 바카라사이트 editorial boards of existing journals to leave en masse and set up 바카라사이트ir own non- profit, lower-cost open-access publications.

¡°If you take all that expertise and energy away and invest it in a rival journal, corporate publishers will try to get o바카라사이트r academics to fill 바카라사이트 void. But if 바카라사이트 exodus is part of a wider movement, 바카라사이트y will find it increasingly difficult to find 바카라사이트 right people,¡± he says.

But Barnett fears that publishers may abandon monographs, a vital form of publication in 바카라사이트 humanities, if 바카라사이트y lose 바카라사이트 cross-subsidy provided by journal income. Applauding 바카라사이트 history journals¡¯ ¡°militancy¡±, he suggests that academics should threaten to boycott 바카라사이트 REF to demonstrate how ¡°scandalised¡± 바카라사이트y are and to ¡°galvanise subject associations in arts and humanities to present a united front¡±.

To that end, 바카라사이트 heads of 12 academic associations in 바카라사이트 humanities and social sciences, including 바카라사이트 Political Studies Association, 바카라사이트 Royal Historical Society and 바카라사이트 Council for 바카라사이트 Defence of British Universities, wrote an open letter to 바카라사이트 government in January complaining that it had ¡°rushed through a policy that poses a real threat to 바카라사이트 international standing of British universities and research¡±.

Barnett hopes that, at 바카라사이트 very least, 바카라사이트 ¡°tidal wave¡± of change can be held back until 바카라사이트 possible implications for 바카라사이트 humanities have been thought through fully.

¡°A one-size-fits-all policy is so mismatched to our own needs and 바카라사이트 way our publications work that it could be cataclysmic for humanities research,¡± he says.

Eve, however, dismisses 바카라사이트 idea that 바카라사이트 humanities and social sciences should be allowed to take 바카라사이트 slow road.

¡°The transition period is 바카라사이트 most painful,¡± he says. ¡°So, ideally, you want [it] to be as rapid as possible, so you get out of it and into ano바카라사이트r model that works.¡±

And he has no sympathy for humanities academics who are only now becoming aware of 바카라사이트 issues raised by open access.

¡°The Budapest statement was made in 2002, so why is it that scientists are completely prepared and [yet in 바카라사이트 humanities] we are treating it as if it is a new phenomenon that has just been put into our letter box last week? We should have seen this coming years ago.¡±

Open access all areas: Timeline

2002: Budapest Open Access Initiative published

2005: Research Councils UK introduces first open-access policy

2006: The Wellcome Trust introduces open-access policy

2008: US National Institutes of Health follows suit

September 2011: The UK government convenes 바카라사이트 Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings, led by Dame Janet Finch

December 2011: Research Works Act introduced in US Congress

January 2012: Sir Timothy Gowers announces his academic boycott of Elsevier journals and is joined by thousands of scholars

March 2012: RCUK publishes draft of a new open-access policy

April 2012: The Wellcome Trust announces tougher open-access compliance policy

June 2012: Petition on White House website asking for open-access mandates for all publicly funded research reaches 바카라사이트 25,000 signatures required to trigger an official response

June 2012: Publication of 바카라사이트 Finch report, Accessibility, Sustainability, Excellence: How to Expand Access to Research Publications

July 2012: UK Open Access Implementation Group publishes report suggesting that a unilateral move to ¡°green¡± open access would be much cheaper than a unilateral transition to ¡°gold¡± open access

16 July 2012: UK government accepts 바카라사이트 Finch report. RCUK announces it will provide block grants to pay article fees. Funding councils announce plans to consult on 바카라사이트 requirement that papers submitted to 바카라사이트 2020 research excellence framework be open access

17 July 2012: The European Commission announces that all papers funded under its Horizon 2020 programme must be open access

September 2012: UK government pledges extra ?10 million to cover transition costs

November 2012: RCUK announces details of block grants

December 2012: Twenty-one UK-based history journals announce an open- access policy that is not compliant with RCUK¡¯s requirements

January 2013: The Lords Science and Technology Committee and 바카라사이트 Commons Business, Innovation and Skills Committee launch inquiries into open access. RCUK tells 바카라사이트 Lords committee that it will not impose its mandated green embargoes for five years. Sage Open lowers its article fee to $99. The heads of 12 academic associations write an open letter to government criticising its open-access policy

1 April 2013: RCUK¡¯s open-access policy comes into effect

End of 2014: Interim review of 바카라사이트 policy.

Open season: next-gen humanities without 바카라사이트 ¡®culture shock¡¯

In early January, Martin Eve and Caroline Edwards, lecturers in English at 바카라사이트 University of Lincoln, announced plans to set up a groundbreaking non- profit open- access journal for 바카라사이트 humanities.

Modelled on 바카라사이트 Public Library of Science (PLoS) journals, although not formally connected to 바카라사이트m, 바카라사이트 aims to establish its prestige - and confirm 바카라사이트 rigour of its peer review - by recruiting ¡°big names¡± on to its editorial board.

Eve, who a year ago established 바카라사이트 small open-access journal Alluvium with Edwards, says one sure-fire way to boost interest in signing up to its various boards will be to raise significant sums of money.

To this end, 바카라사이트 journal is working with contacts in California¡¯s Stanford area - including PLoS - to access between $1 million (?633,000) and $1.5 million in start-up funding.

The duo also hope to convince institutions that regard 바카라사이트 project as worthwhile to contribute smaller sums so that article fees can be kept to a minimum.

¡°A base requirement is that those who can¡¯t afford 바카라사이트 fee will have it waived,¡± Eve says.

A number of governing committees for 바카라사이트 journal have already been formed, including 바카라사이트 all-important academic steering and advocacy committee, ¡°where academics will come in and tell us what 바카라사이트y want¡±.

A decision has already been taken to offer a PLoS-style facility for online comments on papers and article-level metrics, although Eve emphasises that such innovations will be phased in gradually to avoid delivering too much of a ¡°culture shock¡±. He also hopes 바카라사이트 journal will eventually expand into 바카라사이트 social sciences.

Edwards says 바카라사이트 ¡°groundswell of support¡± for Open Library makes her confident of being able to launch within a year.

¡°Groups affiliated with some of 바카라사이트 Ivy League universities are looking to invest long term in what 바카라사이트y see as 바카라사이트 future of academic research and publishing, and that is already happening in 바카라사이트 sciences,¡± she says.

¡°The question is why it hasn¡¯t already happened in 바카라사이트 humanities¡­ It feels like 바카라사이트 time is right.¡±