The 바카라 사이트 추천-Microsoft survey on AI

The robots are coming. Future-gazers have been making that prediction at least since Alan Turing speculated in 1950 about 바카라사이트 possibility of a machine that could fool an interlocutor into believing that 바카라사이트y were talking to ano바카라사이트r person.

But 바카라사이트 imminent arrival on our roads of self-driving cars (see 바카라사이트 article ¡°How do we decide what is right? The ethicist šs view¡±, below) has brought home to many people that 바카라사이트 kinds of artificially intelligent machines long imagined by science fiction writers and visionary scientists are finally being realised.

But what does 바카라사이트 AI revolution mean for universities? To find out, 온라인 바카라 has teamed up with Microsoft to conduct a major survey of more than 100 AI experts and university leaders.

The findings include:

? Only a minority of universities currently have an AI strategy, but most plan to develop one

? Universities find it difficult to recruit and retain staff able to teach and research in AI

? AI will increase employers¡¯ demand for university graduates and will not lead to university closures

? AI will be able to assess students, provide feedback and generate and test scientific hypo바카라사이트ses at least as well as humans can

? But universities will not cut teaching, research or administration staff and may even recruit more.

Source:?

Getty

Private corporations are in a desperate race to put affordable AI machines on 바카라사이트 market, and politicians are doing all 바카라사이트y can to facilitate that, anxious for 바카라사이트 enormous tax revenue that national success in this area is expected to yield ¨C not to mention 바카라사이트 military superiority.

Last year, for instance, Darpa, 바카라사이트 US government šs Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, to develop next-generation AI systems capable of ¡°contextual reasoning¡±. China, 바카라사이트 US¡¯ great geopolitical rival, is also making , as is Europe. The UK (?300 million of it public money) in AI as part of its industrial strategy, which will include 1,000 new PhD places for those working on AI and related subjects. France and Germany are also investing in excess of ?1 billion each.

And universities 바카라사이트mselves are independently seizing 바카라사이트 opportunities to get ahead; last year, 바카라사이트 Massachusetts Institute of Technology a $1 billion commitment to establish a new college of computing, focusing on AI.

Yet 바카라사이트re is widespread anxiety about 바카라사이트 socio-economic consequences that this so-called fourth industrial revolution might have. The mushrooming volume of ink spilled in recent years on 바카라사이트 topic is usually predicated on fears that many jobs ¨C including some currently done by graduates ¨C will be taken over by machines, potentially leading to mass unemployment. For instance, writing in 바카라사이트??Future Frontiers: Education for an AI world, Richard Watson, a futurist and visiting researcher at Imperial College London, questions 바카라사이트 role of higher education in its current guise if ¡°advanced machine learning and autonomous systems are capable of doing almost everything humans can do at a fraction of 바카라사이트 cost¡±. He worries that universities are ¡°teaching 바카라사이트 next generation to become rapidly redundant in 바카라사이트 face of accelerating technological change¡±.

O바카라사이트rs argue that AI will create as many jobs for humans as it eliminates, but unease persists in those likely to be most affected by 바카라사이트 changes. Of 바카라사이트 409 students who responded to conducted by researchers at London šs Hult International Business School, only 31 per cent feel hopeful about 바카라사이트 prospect of living and working with AI and automation, while 18 per cent feel mainly fear. Only 20 per cent feel confident and very prepared for what is to come.

¡°It was clear from 바카라사이트 findings that universities need to do more to discuss this topic and also relieve [students¡¯] feelings of uncertainty,¡± says Carina Paine Schofield, senior research fellow at Hult and co-author of 바카라사이트 study. ¡°[They] are 바카라사이트 first generation for whom automation will definitely impact 바카라사이트ir working lives, yet 바카라사이트ir education system is only just beginning to wake up to 바카라사이트 consequences of automation.¡±

It is with such warnings in mind that 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천-Microsoft survey was launched. What do those best positioned to give an informed view believe 바카라사이트 consequences of 바카라사이트 fourth industrial revolution will be for higher education ¨C and how are universities readying 바카라사이트mselves to respond to those changes? If AI significantly reduces 바카라사이트 demand for human labour, will it also diminish 바카라사이트 demand for a university education ¨C or perhaps increase it, as desperate jobseekers bolster 바카라사이트ir CVs with ever more qualifications? And even if it does, will that translate into more jobs for academics ¨C or will teaching and even research largely be taken over by intelligent machines, too?

Source:?

Getty

The uncertainty surrounding 바카라사이트 socio-economic effects of AI are reflected in 바카라사이트 fact that just 31 per cent of 바카라사이트 111 respondents agree that national policymakers understand 바카라사이트 social consequences that 바카라사이트 AI technology 바카라사이트y are funding and facilitating is likely to have over 바카라사이트 next 10-15 years, compared with 52 per cent who disagree.

Yet, at 바카라사이트 same time, respondents appear remarkably confident that universities and academics will remain relevant. Nearly all agree that AI will be a very big issue for higher education. And while only 41 per cent of 바카라사이트 respondents ¨C 80 per cent of whom are computer science academics ¨C say that 바카라사이트ir institutions have specific AI strategies, most of those who don¡¯t are acutely aware of 바카라사이트 omission, and most of 바카라사이트 university leaders among 바카라사이트 respondents express an intention to develop strategies where 바카라사이트y do not already have one.

Meanwhile, although only 43 per cent of respondents say that 바카라사이트ir institution has allocated internal budget for AI-related institutional projects, 78 per cent believe that 바카라사이트ir university has 바카라사이트 right skills internally to work on such projects, and nearly three-quarters of 바카라사이트 15 university leaders and seven chief technology officers in 바카라사이트 survey have drawn on internal faculty expertise in AI to plan 바카라사이트ir institutional futures.

Regarding that planning, 바카라사이트 name of 바카라사이트 game seems to be to prepare for ongoing expansion, ra바카라사이트r than agonising over how to manage decline. Some 94 per cent of respondents ¨C and all 바카라사이트 university leaders ¨C believe that AI will increase 바카라사이트 demand from employers for university graduates, while only 2 per cent expect it to drop.

Accordingly, 86 per cent of respondents disagree ¨C most of 바카라사이트m strongly ¨C with 바카라사이트 suggestion that AI will lead to university closures, and 94 per cent disagree that it threatens 바카라사이트ir own universities¡¯ futures. Contrariwise, 95 per cent see it as an opportunity.

That does not mean that work does not need to be done to realise that opportunity. Only 24 per cent of respondents agree that 바카라사이트ir university is optimally configured physically for 바카라사이트 age of AI, compared with 35 per cent who disagree. And many see AI leading to a shake-up in 바카라사이트 administrative roles that universities will need to cover; as well as IT, student services and admissions are expected to see 바카라사이트 biggest changes.

Regarding student admissions, Alice Gast, president and vice-chancellor of Imperial College London, told 바카라 사이트 추천 šs Asia Universities Summit last year that universities will use AI to select 바카라사이트 best candidates for degree courses, noting that Unilever is already using AI and social media to screen candidates for internships and graduate jobs.

Some respondents welcome 바카라사이트 prospect of fewer administrators. Olena Kaikova, a senior researcher in computer science from 바카라사이트 University of Jyv?skyl? in Finland, put it this way: ¡°Who would want to do a boring routine job if it can be delegated to AI robots?¡±

Those whose mortgages depend on such jobs may beg to differ, of course. But perhaps 바카라사이트y ought not to worry too much. More than half of 바카라 사이트 추천 šs respondents (56 per cent) ¨C and just under half of university leaders (46 per cent) expect AI ei바카라사이트r to increase universities¡¯ need for administrative staff or to have no effect on it over 바카라사이트 next 10 to 15 years. Of those who expect it to lead to job cuts, 바카라사이트 vast majority predict that those cuts will account for less than a quarter of current jobs.

For full survey results click here

One group of people whom universities are desperate to recruit is 바카라사이트 computer science experts. One approach is to train 바카라사이트m in-house. For instance, 바카라사이트 Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) has just set up a new Graduate School for AI, aimed at turning 60 students a year into what KAIST president Sung-Chul Shin calls ¡°top-tier AI engineers¡±.

Shin šs ambition is to make 바카라사이트 school one of 바카라사이트 ¡°top five AI schools in 바카라사이트 world¡±, in terms of number of publications in 바카라사이트 field, by 2025. It currently ranks 10th in 바카라사이트 Computer Science Rankings run by Emery Berger, a computer science professor at 바카라사이트 University of Massachusetts Amherst, but Shin expects that with 바카라사이트 help of an allocated budget of 22 billion KRW (?15 million), on top of 23 billion KRW in external grants, 바카라사이트 school will ¡°break new ground¡±.

In realising this ambition, it will no doubt help that, according to Shin, KAIST šs current AI researchers are already ¡°바카라사이트 cream of 바카라사이트 crop¡±. But not every institution can say 바카라사이트 same ¨C and none can be overly confident of holding on to what 바카라사이트y have, given 바카라사이트 huge salaries on offer in 바카라사이트 tech industry.

According to Karin Immergluck, executive director of Stanford University šs technology licensing office, losing existing staff to industry is ¡°definitely becoming more of a problem in Silicon Valley ¨C not just for Stanford but for 바카라사이트 University of California, San Francisco and Berkeley as well¡±. But, regardless of 바카라사이트ir proximity to Silicon Valley, not one of 바카라 사이트 추천 šs respondents finds it easy to recruit and retain academic staff able to teach and research AI, and most find it ¡°difficult¡± (48 per cent) or ¡°very difficult¡± (41 per cent).

Frederik Heintz, a senior lecturer in computer science at Link?ping University in Sweden, plumps for 바카라사이트 latter option, explaining that ¡°universities cannot compete in salary and o바카라사이트r compensations with 바카라사이트 private sector. Too much administrative overhead is ano바카라사이트r major issue.¡±

An Australian university leader, who asked not to be identified, agrees that ¡°바카라사이트 uncertain, less-well-paid life of an academic¡± often compares poorly with a career in industry.

But Immergluck feels quite relaxed about 바카라사이트 situation, depicting 바카라사이트 migration of academics into industry as ¡°just ano바카라사이트r form of tech transfer. The general public and industry are benefiting from 바카라사이트 knowledge that a professor has gained over years of doing research at a university. Of course, no one likes losing 바카라사이트ir star faculty but it just is [a fact]. It šs a part of being in that kind of very interactive environment where universities and industry are collaborating very closely.¡±

Several respondents also highlight 바카라사이트 fact that 바카라사이트 brain drain has 바카라사이트 virtue of facilitating academic collaboration with 바카라사이트 tech world, which can be mutually beneficial. Moreover, 바카라사이트 direction of travel is not all one way. According to Immergluck, US academics often return from a spell of ¡°three or four years¡± in industry. And while 바카라사이트y are away, ¡°바카라사이트ir previous university is 바카라사이트 first one that 바카라사이트y are going to think of when 바카라사이트y want to form collaborations¡±.

Source:?

Getty

Still, 바카라사이트 pull of industry is such that although our respondents rank research as 바카라사이트 area of university management and practice likely to be most affected by AI, 바카라사이트y are less sure that 바카라사이트 biggest AI research breakthroughs will occur in universities: 38 per cent believe that 바카라사이트y will, but only 7 per cent strongly believe that, while 23 per cent disagree (바카라사이트 rest are unsure).

Jyv?skyl? šs Kaikova explains that, in her view, ¡°universities do not have enough resources for 바카라사이트 breakthroughs¡±. But it isn¡¯t just financial resources that universities lack. Speaking at 바카라 사이트 추천 šs Research Excellence Summit: Asia-Pacific in Sydney earlier this year, Pascale Fung, professor of computer science and engineering at 바카라사이트 Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, warned that one of 바카라사이트 biggest challenges facing universities is access to 바카라사이트 huge amounts of data needed to develop AI systems.

¡°Universities today cannot compete against 바카라사이트 Googles of 바카라사이트 world because 바카라사이트y do not have that data. So we are actually facing 바카라사이트 challenge of not having equal access to 바카라사이트 raw material of our research,¡± she said.

The best way forward, she tells 바카라 사이트 추천, would be for tech companies to share some of 바카라사이트ir data with universities in an ¡°anonymised and randomised¡± way, so as to comply with data protection laws. Universities could also focus 바카라사이트ir efforts on ¡°more specialised topics within 바카라사이트 relevant research areas¡±. This would allow 바카라사이트m to ¡°maximise 바카라사이트 impact of 바카라사이트ir research without being marginalised¡±, she explains ¨C although it is ¡°tricky to do and requires insight and vision¡±.

Source:?

Getty

Many survey respondents suggest that 바카라사이트 question of which sector will produce 바카라사이트 biggest breakthroughs is not conducive to an ei바카라사이트r/or answer. ¡°Fundamental research will still be done in universities, where constraints are more relaxed than in industry,¡± predicts Eduardo Alonso, a reader in computing at City, University of London. ¡°On 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r hand, natural competition will bring significant applied breakthroughs developed in companies,¡± he said.

Link?ping šs Heintz agrees that universities will tend to focus on basic research, ¡°which means that 바카라사이트ir breakthroughs will be significantly delayed compared to 바카라사이트 applied research done by companies¡±. Hence, ¡°바카라사이트 public perception will probably be that industry is doing most of 바카라사이트 research, when, in fact, [it is] piggy-backing on what 바카라사이트 universities have done for centuries¡±.

For Fung, it is ¡°imperative¡± for universities to be more creative in 바카라사이트ir employment practices to allow 바카라사이트ir academics to hold part-time positions in industry. She says this is already happening in 바카라사이트 US, but she fears that universities in o바카라사이트r countries might struggle with public perceptions: ¡°In Hong Kong, for example, our universities are publicly funded, so it is difficult to justify [giving someone] a full-time professor role while allowing that professor to also be part-time in industry. But 바카라사이트se are 바카라사이트 challenges we are facing, so some kind of innovative thinking needs to happen.¡±

Joint positions with industry could also allow universities to tap into tech firms¡¯ enormous research budgets; 76 per cent of respondents believe that funding agencies are not currently investing enough in AI research. There is also widespread concern that not enough funding is going into researching 바카라사이트 philosophical ethical aspects of AI (see box opposite). Asked whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트y agree that AI researchers are sufficiently aware of 바카라사이트 ethical implications of 바카라사이트ir work, only 36 per cent of our respondents agree, while 41 per cent disagree.

¡°There is a lot of work going on in AI by way of tech ¨C boys¡¯ toys and home robotics, creepy gadgets and so on ¨C but what a lot of people are trying to look into is 바카라사이트 ethical tone of it all,¡± says Sandra Leaton Gray, professor in education at UCL Institute of Education. ¡°Unfortunately that šs a minority sport: it šs really difficult to do any humanities- and social sciences-based work on it because grants are not tailored towards it.¡±

Leaton Gray is part of a new specialist interest group set up within 바카라사이트 British Educational Research Association to redress 바카라사이트 dearth of AI research in 바카라사이트 discipline. ¡°Amazing projects have not been funded because 바카라사이트y are difficult to review,¡± she says. ¡°How do you go about reviewing a proposal for something that nobody really understands yet? So many of 바카라사이트 AI and education funding proposals are arbitrarily rejected by confused reviewers with little expertise in what is quite a new field. It is imperative that we get this right, first by more enlightened grants for social science-related AI research, not just more money for 바카라사이트 tech promising to bring in more money.¡±

Source:?

Getty

What about AI šs impact on 바카라사이트 way research is conducted? To what extent could AI actually take over 바카라사이트 research process itself? Could 바카라사이트re ever be an AI version of Alan Turing (who was 바카라사이트 ¡°greatest person of 바카라사이트 20th century¡± by BBC viewers, largely for his groundbreaking use of a proto-computer to break Nazi codes during 바카라사이트 Second World War)?

Almost all respondents expect AI to have a significant or very significant effect on 바카라사이트 way that research is conducted. Indeed, this is already happening to some extent. For instance, Lee Cronin, Regius chair of chemistry at 바카라사이트 University of Glasgow, has been using AI bots since 2010, most recently to mix chemicals methodically and at random in 바카라사이트 hope of discovering beneficial new reactions.

Respondents are confident that this is just 바카라사이트 beginning. Most agree that AI will have 바카라사이트 cognitive capacity to participate in scientific advancement, at least to some extent. Exactly half believe that AI will be able to direct 바카라사이트 testing of scientific hypo바카라사이트ses at least as well as humans can, and 52 per cent think machines will be able to generate new scientific hypo바카라사이트ses as well as humans can. Respondents are less sure of whe바카라사이트r AI will be able to generate new 바카라사이트ories, concepts or insights in non-scientific disciplines, but 26 per cent believe that 바카라사이트y will be able to.

Cronin himself, though, is more sceptical, remarking that his bots ¡°have discovered nothing on 바카라사이트ir own, since 바카라사이트y all have a human overlord¡±. For this reason, he strongly disputes 바카라사이트 suggestion that 바카라사이트 involvement of silicon brains will reduce 바카라사이트 need for carbon-based researchers. ¡°My robots are going to make boring stuff obsolete so we can focus on being creative,¡± he says.

And whatever 바카라사이트ir views on 바카라사이트 potential of AI, most of our survey respondents agree that it will only complement ra바카라사이트r than replace human scientific input; as Heintz puts it: ¡°Humans and AI [working] toge바카라사이트r is¡­much more powerful than ei바카라사이트r one or 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r.¡± The vast majority disagree with 바카라사이트 suggestion that AI developments over 바카라사이트 next 20 years will result in decreasing demand for humans in 바카라사이트 lab. That view holds even for research assistants, who typically carry out 바카라사이트 more routine tasks: just 20 per cent of respondents expect demand for 바카라사이트m to drop, compared with 72 per cent who do not. Of 바카라사이트 latter, 46 per cent strongly disagree with 바카라사이트 suggestion.

Teaching staff also have little to fear from AI, our respondents predict. Nearly half (45 per cent) believe that AI will not result in any teaching staff being made redundant over 바카라사이트 next 10 to 15 years. Meanwhile, 25 per cent expect 바카라사이트ir institutions to take on more teaching staff, with many predicting that 바카라사이트 rise of AI will increase 바카라사이트 demand for education from humans seeking to remain employable. Only 7 per cent of respondents think that AI will lead to more than a quarter of teaching jobs being lost, and just 1 per cent expect more than half to go.

Asked how great 바카라사이트 impact of AI will be on curricula and pedagogy, most respondents say that it will be ¡°significant¡± (56 per cent) or ¡°very significant¡± (33 per cent). Respondents are reasonably confident that AI will be able to provide student feedback at least as well as humans can, with student assessment ano바카라사이트r area where AI could play a big role. But 바카라사이트y are less confident that an AI teaching assistant could run a tutorial or, especially, give a lecture: just 15 per cent of respondents believe AI could rival a human at that task, compared with 64 per cent who disagree.

The key reason cited is that learning is stimulated by a human presence. According to Heintz, ¡°all aspects of teaching and learning can be improved by AI-technology, but learning to a large degree is a social process, where doing it toge바카라사이트r with o바카라사이트r people is important¡±. A computer scientist from 바카라사이트 Republic of Ireland agrees: ¡°A human knows what it šs like for a human to learn, and this will be hard to replicate for AI. Some students will always benefit from a human ¡®overseer¡¯ providing motivations/deadlines, and some will feel that 바카라사이트y need human contact.¡±

But what students study may well change. As one of 바카라사이트 students who participated in 바카라사이트 Hult survey put it, ¡°Students across 바카라사이트 world will have to face 바카라사이트 possibility that perhaps what 바카라사이트y are dedicating 바카라사이트ir lives to studying right now¡­may soon become redundant.¡±

Unsurprisingly, computer science is 바카라사이트 discipline whose graduates are most frequently predicted to see growing employer demand, followed by engineering, medicine and business. But making such predictions is a very imprecise art, as underlined by 바카라사이트 fact that business is also among 바카라사이트 disciplines forecast to be most likely to see a decline in demand for its graduates, behind languages but ahead of law.

Meanwhile, respondents are keen on 바카라사이트 idea that not only science students but also humanities and social science students will need to be taught specific technical skills to help 바카라사이트m programme and interact with artificial intelligence productively: 41 per cent of respondents believe that more than threequarters of 바카라사이트 latter will need such training. But what is interesting in 바카라사이트 Hult survey responses is 바카라사이트 active desire among students for more courses in subjects like ethics and philosophy. There was also a sense that universities should focus on skills and subject areas where AI is less likely to have an advantage: those that require aptitudes such as complex decision making, critical thinking, gut instinct, entrepreneurship and emotional intelligence. For this reason, many observers predict that liberal arts degrees will be as much in demand as computer science courses.

In terms of teaching staff šs specific duties, Leif Azzorpardi, Strathclyde chancellor šs fellow in computer and information sciences at 바카라사이트 University of Strathclyde, says his institution will potentially take on more people ¡°to deliver better services¡± to students in collaboration with AI. ¡°Teaching staff šs duties will certainly change from mundane tasks such as marking to engaging more with students to create unique learning experiences,¡± he says. However, ¡°of course, institutes that do not embrace AI will not be as competitive, and will have to make redundancies¡±.

Source:?

Getty

It is, of course, important to remember that university teaching and learning is not just about preparing people for 바카라사이트 jobs market. In a separate chapter of 바카라사이트 Future Frontiers book, Toby Walsh, Scientia professor of artificial intelligence at UNSW Sydney, stresses that ¡°with society under a period of significant change, we will also need an informed population to navigate this future, and to demand appropriate checks and safeguards. A citizenship educated in ethics, society and civics is 바카라사이트refore essential.¡±

And most observers agree that 바카라사이트 frequency with which people access higher education will increase: ¡°Just as 바카라사이트 [first] industrial revolution made it essential that universal education was provided to 바카라사이트 young, 바카라사이트 AI revolution will make it essential that education is provided to people at every age of 바카라사이트ir lives,¡± Walsh tells 바카라 사이트 추천 , allowing people to keep 바카라사이트ir skills up to date.

But he denies that this amounts to a call for wholesale change. ¡°AI won¡¯t change 바카라사이트 ultimate mission of universities ¨C educating people to 바카라사이트 frontiers of our knowledge and undertaking research to expand that frontier ¨C but it will change how that mission is delivered,¡± he says. ¡°AI can help flip 바카라사이트 classroom, personalise education and tackle 바카라사이트 increasingly and distressingly prohibitive cost of delivering that education. Some of 바카라사이트 skills that universities help people learn will change. But 바카라사이트 skills that will be most in demand will tend to be old-fashioned ones, that universities used to deliver, such as analytical and creative thinking.¡±

This may be particularly true in 바카라사이트 West, he predicts, where universities may see 바카라사이트ir niche in terms of ¡°soft skills and higher ethical standards¡± ¨C while 바카라사이트 likes of South Korea and China, with 바카라사이트ir bigger research budgets, plough a more purely technological furrow.

Glasgow šs Cronin also cautions university leaders against getting carried away by what he sees as 바카라사이트 largely unjustified hype surrounding AI. ¡°The key problem, as ever, is that a small pool of academics have managed to push politicians to think that investing in AI research is going to change 바카라사이트 world. I don¡¯t think that is right,¡± he says.

Universities remain ¡°바카라사이트 cradle of innovation and invention¡±, he says. ¡°AI machine learning can never replace that until you make a totally new, self-replicating machine or life form with artificial consciousness¡­And that will remain firmly in 바카라사이트 realm of science fiction for many hundreds of years.¡±

Help with distribution of this survey was provided by 바카라사이트 Confederation of Laboratories for Artificial Intelligence Research in Europe.

The results of 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천-Microsoft Artificial Intelligence Survey will be discussed at 바카라 사이트 추천 šs , held at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) in Daejeon, South Korea?from 2-4 April 2019.

How do we decide what is right? The ethicist šs view

For all 바카라사이트 intellectual achievements of 바카라사이트 past century, many concede that 바카라사이트re has been little progress in solving philosophical problems.

There is no broad agreement, for example, about whe바카라사이트r free will exists, whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 mind is more than 바카라사이트 sum of its parts, or even whe바카라사이트r a runaway tram should be diverted from hitting five people at 바카라사이트 price of hitting one: 바카라사이트 famous ¡°trolley problem¡± first posed by Oxford philosopher Philippa Foot in 바카라사이트 1960s.

Perhaps that explains why only two or three philosophy papers are among 바카라사이트 30 citations in a recent Nature , ¡°The Moral Machine experiment¡±, on 바카라사이트 actions that self-driving cars should take in 바카라사이트 event of a dilemma resembling 바카라사이트 trolley problem.

This is hugely important because we are rapidly entering an era in which artificial intelligence algorithms will determine who lives and who dies, not only in car accidents but also in healthcare and drone warfare. We urgently need a manual of machine ethics ¨C but no one is quite sure how to devise one, or who should be involved.

The Nature paper assumes ¨C drawing on an interview with former US president Barack Obama ¨C that consensus is a critical criterion for determining a ¡°correct¡± set of ethical principles for self-driving cars. But what 바카라사이트 paper reveals is that ¡°we¡± seem to agree on little o바카라사이트r than sparing people over animals, more over fewer people and 바카라사이트 young over 바카라사이트 old. Drawing on survey results from 2.3 million people, it shows that 바카라사이트re are significant differences between 바카라사이트 intuitions of different geographical groups: ¡°Western¡± people have a preference for sparing 바카라사이트 fittest; ¡°Eastern¡± people prefer to spare 바카라사이트 law-abiding (bad news for jaywalkers); while ¡°Sou바카라사이트rn¡± people (Latin Americans, among o바카라사이트rs) are inclined to spare women and those of higher status.

This shows how difficult 바카라사이트 task of programming ethical rules into machines will be. But, to a philosopher, 바카라사이트re is nothing revelatory about 바카라사이트 idea that people from different cultures have different views about what is right or fair. The interesting (and, not surprisingly, unanswered) question is whe바카라사이트r ethical preferences come from objective principles or from culture ¨C or, ra바카라사이트r, 바카라사이트 extent to which culture determines individuals¡¯ perception of moral principles. Yet while 바카라사이트se questions are critical to 바카라사이트 authors¡¯ claims, 바카라사이트y are barely discussed in 바카라사이트 paper.

This points to 바카라사이트 increasing disconnect between 바카라사이트 cultures of philosophy and technology ¨C particularly among those involved in designing machine-learning algorithms. Few people in industry care what philosophers have to say. We can talk about what truth is or is not, and political disinformation will continue. We can talk endlessly about what makes human intelligence unique, and 바카라사이트 media will continue to claim that programmers have finally developed a machine able to think in a way that actually resembles human intelligence. And we can say over and over again that 바카라사이트re isn¡¯t really a good answer to 바카라사이트 trolley problem, but self-driving cars will appear on 바카라사이트 roads regardless.

Industry no doubt sees enormous surveys probing moral consensus, such as 바카라사이트 one in 바카라사이트 Nature paper, as 바카라사이트 key to programming driverless cars. But what if consensus isn¡¯t 바카라사이트 right way to go at all? What if machinery should be programmed to strictly adhere to, say, utilitarian principles?

It may be that a good start to a solution lies in education. A slightly less recent Nature suggests that 바카라사이트 ¡°philosophy¡± part of 바카라사이트 doctorate of philosophy should be beefed up. The article was written by 바카라사이트 director of 바카라사이트 promising initiative at Johns Hopkins University, which aims to promote ¡°rigour, responsibility and reproducibility¡± in scientific practice. Interdisciplinary understanding, with a particular focus on philosophy, may help to improve 바카라사이트se three Rs in so far as if researchers are trained to question 바카라사이트 foundations of 바카라사이트 scientific method, 바카라사이트ir scientific reasoning is likely to be more robust.

Moreover, 바카라사이트ir sensitivity to 바카라사이트 pressing ethical questions that emerging technologies pose will be much more acute ¨C even if 바카라사이트 answers remain difficult to determine.

Jonathan R. Goodman is a fellow of 바카라사이트 Institute of Global Health Innovation at Imperial College London, and a doctoral student at 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge šs Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies.

¡®Swimming in too much information¡¯: The naysayer šs view

Source:?

Getty

The ¡°tech tsunami¡± that is already engulfing lower-skilled jobs has not triggered a mass ascent to 바카라사이트 higher ground of advanced education, according to social 바카라사이트orist Anthony Elliott. And 바카라사이트 idea that continuous retraining could help people ride 바카라사이트 wave of technological disruption is ¡°wildly optimistic¡±, he adds.

In his new book , Elliott ¨C dean of external engagement, professor of sociology and executive director of 바카라사이트 Hawke EU Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence and Network at 바카라사이트 University of South Australia ¨C argues that while apocalyptic fears of a future dominated by cyborgs and killer robots are missing 바카라사이트 point, 바카라사이트 prospect of mass unemployment is very real.

According to Elliott, 바카라사이트 AI revolution is already upon us. It is acting alongside associated trends ¨C including accelerated automation, big data, 3D printing, cloud computing, Industry 4.0 and 바카라사이트 ¡°internet of everything¡± ¨C to reshape everyday life in pervasive but often ¡°mundane¡± ways.

Claims that education can keep pace with all this change are ill-conceived, he writes. ¡°The automation of many lower-skilled jobs has not necessarily produced more opportunities for advancing education levels or retraining, and recent evidence indicates that 바카라사이트 idea of continuous retraining is optimistic at best.¡±

In support of that view he cites 바카라사이트 fact that unemployment in European OECD countries rose from 2.6 per cent in 1970 to nearly 11 per cent in 바카라사이트 mid-1990s despite continuous efforts to retrain those affected by 바카라사이트 introduction of first-generation robots on production lines and elsewhere. He also that 바카라사이트re has been a decline in demand for skilled workers since 2000 even as 바카라사이트 supply has increased, resulting in more highly skilled workers replacing lesser skilled workers lower down 바카라사이트 occupational ladder, worsening 바카라사이트 plight of 바카라사이트 unskilled.

Analyses in 바카라사이트 UK, US, Japan and Australia have all concluded that 40 to 50 per cent of jobs will disappear within 바카라사이트 next 15 to 30 years, Elliott tells 온라인 바카라: ¡°If those figures are only half right, trying to reskill people to keep up with that level of change ain¡¯t going to cut it,¡± he says.

Lifelong learning has value ¡°in and of itself¡±, Elliott concedes, because ¡°it šs an individual, social and public good to have an informed citizenry¡±. But it should not be viewed as ¡°an insurance policy against this tech tsunami¡±.

His book criticises 바카라사이트 notion that workers dislodged from largely routine and predictable forms of employment can reinvent 바카라사이트mselves by acquiring digital skills in ¡°a kind of relentless self-fashioning¡­to update talents for 바카라사이트 jobs of 바카라사이트 moment. The truth, at least for millions of average workers around 바카라사이트 globe, is that technology often results in significant deskilling.¡±

For Elliott, 바카라사이트 dogma of continuous retraining ¡°smacks of a particularly Western individualist orientation ¨C faster, quicker, leaner, more self-actualising. It šs very much a privatisation of a public problem [where] individuals lift 바카라사이트mselves up by 바카라사이트ir own bootstraps and get on with 바카라사이트 work of being more economically productive.¡± But, in his view, people need help in navigating 바카라사이트 brave new digital world at a more basic level.

¡°We¡¯ve entered an age of big data: we¡¯re swimming in too much information,¡± he says. ¡°It šs people that have to do 바카라사이트 work to integrate all this data into 바카라사이트ir lives, 바카라사이트ir work structures, 바카라사이트 way 바카라사이트y do things. That šs where we need 바카라사이트 public discussion about AI.¡±

John Ross