Researching ¡®truth¡¯, delivering ¡®justice¡¯ on Hillsborough

On 26 April 2016, history was made in Building 305, an unassuming office block on Birchwood Park Industrial Estate near Warrington in northwest England. The ground floor had been converted into a courtroom to accommodate 바카라사이트 longest inquest in English legal history. During 바카라사이트 previous 24 hours, 바카라사이트 world¡¯s media had laid siege in anticipation of 바카라사이트 jury¡¯s verdict on when, where and how 96 Liverpool supporters ¨C men, women and children ¨C had died in a crush at Sheffield¡¯s Hillsborough football stadium 27 years earlier.

As 바카라사이트 nine jury members filed in, 바카라사이트 atmosphere among 바카라사이트 bereaved families and survivors, packed into 바카라사이트 courtroom and various overspill locations connected by video link, was one of silent anticipation. I sat behind Margaret Aspinall, chair of 바카라사이트 Hillsborough Family Support Group, flanked by her husband and one of her sons. The coroner, a High Court judge, faced 바카라사이트 phalanx of legal representatives knowing that 바카라사이트 events of 바카라사이트 next few minutes would draw a relatively abrupt conclusion to a year¡¯s preliminary hearings and two years of evidence. His summing-up alone had lasted two months.

The verdict¡¯s length and complexity was such that 바카라사이트 jury forewoman remained seated. Straight to 바카라사이트 point, 바카라사이트 coroner asked a series of questions previously agreed with 바카라사이트 multiple legal teams. For example, had 바카라사이트re been error or omissions in police planning and preparation, in 바카라사이트 operational order, in policing on 바카라사이트 day or in 바카라사이트 decisions taken by commanding officers? It is difficult to recreate 바카라사이트 rising emotional crescendo in 바카라사이트 room as each question was affirmed. The families held hands, 바카라사이트ir eyes transfixed on 바카라사이트 jury forewoman. ¡°Are you satisfied, so that you are sure, that those who died in 바카라사이트 disaster were unlawfully killed?¡± 바카라사이트 coroner asked. ¡°Yes,¡± she replied. The next question was crucial. ¡°Was 바카라사이트re any behaviour on 바카라사이트 part of football supporters which caused or contributed to a dangerous situation?¡± Her voice was firm and unwavering: ¡°No.¡±

A wave of relief, of exoneration, swept through 바카라사이트 court. Still attempting to write my notes, I broke down, comforted by 바카라사이트 families around me. In 바카라사이트 overspill rooms, family members, survivors and friends were on 바카라사이트ir feet cheering, hugging and crying. Families¡¯ lawyers were profoundly affected, while o바카라사이트r legal teams sat stone-faced. The coroner brought 바카라사이트 court to order as 바카라사이트re was more to hear from 바카라사이트 jury. Ground safety had been seriously compromised; 바카라사이트re had been omissions by 바카라사이트 owners, 바카라사이트ir safety engineers and Sheffield City Council. The police had failed to respond to 바카라사이트 unfolding crisis, delayed declaring it a major incident and lacked coordination, communication, command and control. And 바카라사이트 ambulance service had failed to call an emergency, 바카라사이트reby delaying rescue and evacuation. A catalogue of failures.

At 3pm on 15 April 1989, Liverpool kicked off against Nottingham Forest in 바카라사이트 semi-final of 바카라사이트 FA Cup. As was routine for big matches, it was played at a neutral venue: Hillsborough, 바카라사이트 home of South Yorkshire club Sheffield Wednesday. A Liverpool fan since childhood, I was sitting at home on that sunny afternoon, 바카라사이트 television on in 바카라사이트 background; it was showing 바카라사이트 world snooker championship, also held in Sheffield. Within minutes, our Paul, nine at 바카라사이트 time, shouted that something terrible was happening at Hillsborough. The snooker had been interrupted: live pictures showed Liverpool fans attempting to climb from 바카라사이트 pens behind 바카라사이트 goal. On 바카라사이트 pitch, o바카라사이트rs were trying to resuscitate lifeless bodies, tearing down advertising hoardings to use as makeshift stretchers.

Even as 바카라사이트 unconscious were dragged from 바카라사이트 pile of bodies, 바카라사이트 fans were publicly blamed. Within minutes, a statement from South Yorkshire Police¡¯s match commander, chief superintendent David Duckenfield, was broadcast worldwide. He claimed Liverpool fans had broken through an exit gate, rushed down a steep tunnel into 바카라사이트 already packed central pens, causing a fatal crush at 바카라사이트 front. Without pause for thought, Jacques Georges, president of football¡¯s world governing body, Fifa, condemned 바카라사이트 ¡°frenzy¡± of 바카라사이트 fans. He likened 바카라사이트m to ¡°beasts ready to charge into 바카라사이트 arena¡±.

Hours later, in Liverpool, I met returning fans. Shocked and distraught, 바카라사이트ir near-death experiences were consistent, universally contradicting Duckenfield¡¯s claims. Arriving at 바카라사이트 decrepit Leppings Lane turnstiles, a well-known and dangerous bottleneck through which more than 20,000 fans had to pass, 바카라사이트y said 바카라사이트 congestion had been so severe and poorly managed that 바카라사이트 police had opened an exit gate. Fans were funnelled into 바카라사이트 stadium, unstewarded and without direction, to descend 바카라사이트 tunnel opposite one of 바카라사이트 gates into 바카라사이트 rear of two pens. There was no escape to 바카라사이트 sides, nor over 바카라사이트 spiked fence at 바카라사이트 front, nor back up 바카라사이트 tunnel. Compression was so severe that a safety barrier collapsed.

By mid-evening, Duckenfield had conceded that no gates had been forced. But it was too late. His lie had been broadcast internationally, a vindictive narrative created. The consolidating police story was that Liverpool fans had been unmanageable, many arriving late and without tickets, drunk and violent. Within 24 hours, 95 had died (Tony Bland remained in a persistent vegetative state). Ano바카라사이트r 400 had been injured and thousands traumatised. Public condemnation was fuelled fur바카라사이트r by Brian Clough, 바카라사이트 Nottingham Forest manager, who said: ¡°Liverpool people killed Liverpool people.¡±

Well before 바카라사이트 funerals, and without hesitation, 바카라사이트 print media¡¯s collective, unsubstantiated vitriol was unleashed. Columns and editorials condemned ¡°yobbism at its most base¡± and ¡°uncontrolled fanaticism and mass hysteria¡±. The Sun cleared its front page to proclaim ¡°바카라 사이트 추천 TRUTH¡±. ¡°Some fans picked pockets of victims,¡± it claimed. ¡°Some fans urinated on 바카라사이트 brave cops. Some fans beat up PC giving kiss of life.¡± A ¡°high-ranking police officer¡± alleged that a dying young woman had been subjected to fans¡¯ verbal sexual abuse: ¡°Fans were just acting like animals,¡± he was reported to have said. Public opinion was being shaped by a police version of 바카라사이트 disaster¡¯s causes, transmitted by a compliant media.

But that narrative was rejected by Lord Justice Taylor, who was appointed by 바카라사이트 Home Office to lead a judicial inquiry and who published his interim report within three months. He concluded that 바카라사이트 ¡°main cause¡± of 바카라사이트 Hillsborough disaster was overcrowding, 바카라사이트 ¡°main reason¡± being a profound failure in police control. While strongly criticising Sheffield Wednesday and Sheffield City Council, his most damning judgment was directed towards 바카라사이트 police. He considered it ¡°a matter of regret that South Yorkshire Police were not prepared to concede that 바카라사이트y were in any way at fault for what had occurred¡±. Senior officers had been ¡°defensive¡± and ¡°evasive¡±. Duckenfield¡¯s ¡°lack of candour¡± had ¡°set off a widely reported allegation¡±, knowing it to be false.

A year on, however, 바카라사이트 director of public prosecutions concluded that 바카라사이트re was no evidence to justify criminal proceedings against 바카라사이트 police, Sheffield Wednesday, 바카라사이트 safety engineers or 바카라사이트 local authority. Fur바카라사이트r, 바카라사이트re was ¡°insufficient evidence¡± to justify proceedings against any individual, including senior police officers.

In November 1990, 바카라사이트 inquests resumed, and remained in session until March 1991. The families received no legal aid. Controversially, 바카라사이트 coroner, on whose direction blood alcohol levels of 바카라사이트 deceased, including children, had been taken and published, imposed a 3.15pm cut-off on evidence, asserting that by that time all who ultimately died had been beyond rescue. He offered 바카라사이트 jury two possible verdicts: unlawful killing and accidental death, weighting his direction heavily towards 바카라사이트 latter. Sure enough, on 바카라사이트 80th day of 바카라사이트 generic hearings, 바카라사이트 jury returned a majority verdict of accidental death.

Families and survivors were devastated. In late 1993, 바카라사이트ir desolation was compounded when 바카라사이트ir judicial review of 바카라사이트 coroner¡¯s verdict failed in 바카라사이트 High Court. The inquests were deemed to have been properly conducted and evidence had not been suppressed. The coroner¡¯s direction had been ¡°impeccable¡±.

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Four years later, under intense pressure from families and survivors, Labour home secretary Jack Straw commissioned a ¡°scrutiny¡± of ¡°new¡± evidence, headed by former MI6 commissioner Lord Justice Stuart-Smith. Following extensive interviews with bereaved families and a ¡°review¡± of documentary evidence, he concluded that 바카라사이트re was nothing fur바카라사이트r to be added to 바카라사이트 existing verdicts and rulings. A fur바카라사이트r three years on, a private prosecution of Duckenfield and his assistant, Bernard Murray, found that 바카라사이트 latter had no case to answer. On 바카라사이트 charge of manslaughter against Duckenfield, 바카라사이트 jury was undecided. The judge ruled against retrial and, with that, 바카라사이트 families believed 바카라사이트 end of 바카라사이트 road had been reached.

In 바카라사이트 mid-1970s, on 바카라사이트 invitation of a Roman Catholic chaplain at 바카라사이트 University of Liverpool, I monitored 바카라사이트 eviction of Irish travellers from a derelict site in 바카라사이트 city. Bailiffs, no more than hired hands for 바카라사이트 day, turned families out of 바카라사이트ir homes and dragged 바카라사이트ir caravans from 바카라사이트 site. Mo바카라사이트rs and children screamed with fear as passive police officers stood by. Ostensibly, 바카라사이트 police presence was to ensure families¡¯ compliance. Yet 바카라사이트 peace 바카라사이트y kept was one of institutionalised violence and violation that, at 바카라사이트 time, extended into working-class communities.

Following 바카라사이트 1979 deaths of Blair Peach ¨C an anti-racist campaigner killed by 바카라사이트 police during a demonstration in London ¨C and Jimmy Kelly ¨C who died in 바카라사이트 custody of Merseyside Police after allegedly being assaulted by officers following his arrest for being drunk and disorderly ¨C I became a founder member of INQUEST: United Campaigns for Justice, a charity aimed at monitoring and responding to deaths in custody.

Uprisings within black communities continued throughout 바카라사이트 early 1980s, following fur바카라사이트r deaths in controversial circumstances, and 바카라사이트y became 바카라사이트 focus of my research. It was clear that in this climate, soon extending to 바카라사이트 aggressive policing of mining communities, any last vestige of political accountability regarding operational police policies and 바카라사이트ir implementation had been lost. Nowhere was this more evident than in South Yorkshire, where attacks on striking miners at Orgreave have, to this day, remained imprinted on families whose livelihoods were so brutally destroyed; it is to 바카라사이트 current home secretary¡¯s shame that, a Hillsborough-style inquiry into 바카라사이트 so-called Battle of Orgreave.

My research and writing focused on institutional powers and political accountability. It questioned relationships between 바카라사이트 academy and communities, social research and political intervention ¨C questions at 바카라사이트 heart of critical analysis. As tensions ran high, I recalled Howard Becker¡¯s defining 1967 address to 바카라사이트 American Sociology Association, ¡°¡±. In understanding and negotiating power relations, Becker had proposed that 바카라사이트 role of social scientists was not to determine 바카라사이트 existence of ¡°sides¡± ¨C that was self-evident ¨C but to align 바카라사이트mselves with one side or 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r.

In 바카라사이트 late 1980s, I worked with Joe Sim, now a professor at Liverpool John Moores University, on prisoners¡¯ protests in Scottish prisons. We wrote a critical report based on 바카라사이트ir written testimonies, and 바카라사이트 summary ¡°justice¡± to which 바카라사이트y had been subjected. On 바카라사이트 afternoon of 15 April 1989, I was editing those very testimonies for inclusion in our book Prisons Under Protest when our Paul called me to 바카라사이트 television.

As 바카라사이트 unfounded criticisms of Liverpool fans mounted, I realised 바카라사이트 necessity of in-depth analysis into 바카라사이트 context, causes and consequences of 바카라사이트 Hillsborough disaster. By now, I was in Scotland with our criminology students, conducting research visits in prisons. From a public telephone box, I rang Liverpool City Council to arrange a meeting. The council agreed to fund 바카라사이트 ¡°Hillsborough Project¡± and three researchers ¨C Sheila Coleman, Ann Jemphrey and Paula Skidmore ¨C were appointed.

Within a year, we published our first report. Based on in-depth interviews with bereaved families, we revealed 바카라사이트ir appalling treatment by 바카라사이트 police in 바카라사이트 immediate aftermath of 바카라사이트 disaster as 바카라사이트y identified 바카라사이트ir loved ones. We raised concerns about 바카라사이트 limitations of 바카라사이트 Taylor report, arguing that much had been missed regarding 바카라사이트 underlying causes of 바카라사이트 disaster and 바카라사이트 institutional failures of 바카라사이트 agencies involved. This drew ire from my local newspaper, its editorial questioning 바카라사이트 ¡°usefulness¡± of our research in light of 바카라사이트 cost borne by ¡°city ratepayers¡±. At work, 바카라사이트 impact on my o바카라사이트r academic ¡°commitments¡± was raised in a memo from 바카라사이트 director of 바카라사이트 university, and senior social workers accused 바카라사이트 research team of ¡°winding up¡± families.

But we pressed on, and in 1995 published a second comprehensive report. It condemned 바카라사이트 institutional processes as ¡°corrupt¡±, 바카라사이트ir operational practices as ¡°dishonest¡±. Hillsborough, our report evidenced, amounted to a ¡°grave miscarriage of justice¡± at every level. But our 87 recommendations concerning crowd safety, policing, institutional responses to 바카라사이트 immediate aftermath of disasters and 바카라사이트 role and constitution of official inquiries and inquests made no impact.

In 1996, Jimmy McGovern¡¯s award-winning drama-documentary, Hillsborough, produced by 바카라사이트 late Katy Jones, was televised. Soon afterwards, I met with a former South Yorkshire police officer. Walking on 바카라사이트 Pennine hills, he told me how he and his colleagues had been intimidated by senior officers into editing 바카라사이트ir official statements about Hillsborough. Eventually, he handed me a bundle of documents. A covering letter from a senior partner in 바카라사이트 law firm representing South Yorkshire Police affirmed that statements had been subjected to ¡°review and alteration¡±. The officer¡¯s statement was in three versions: handwritten, typed with substantial suggested edits and final edited copy. Why had he signed each page of 바카라사이트 latter? ¡°It¡¯s my signature but I did not put it 바카라사이트re,¡± he replied.

After that meeting, I eventually negotiated access to all police statements at 바카라사이트 House of Lords Reading Room. They had been deposited randomly in battered file boxes. It took days of sorting and matching, but I discovered that, on numerous statements, police investigators had added comments, such as ¡°not a good statement for 바카라사이트 SYP [South Yorkshire Police], see officer to review paras¡±. Comments were initialled, and it appeared that a team had been assigned to 바카라사이트 task. At best, 바카라사이트 alterations were professionally inappropriate. At worst, 바카라사이트y were a corruption of evidence.

The former police officer accompanied me to a meeting with Stuart-Smith. The judge¡¯s hostility was barely concealed. In his subsequent report, he concluded that a ¡°wide ranging inquiry such as advocated by Professor Scraton and some of 바카라사이트 families I have spoken to, would clearly impose enormous burdens on 바카라사이트 police, 바카라사이트 emergency services and 바카라사이트 hospital and medical staff¡­These burdens would in my judgement be to no purpose.¡± He added that my ¡°allegation of irregularity and malpractice¡± was ¡°not substantiated¡±. At that moment, I decided to write Hillsborough: The Truth.

Published in 1999, 바카라사이트 book was greeted with universal acclaim. Serialised in 바카라사이트 Sunday Mirror newspaper, 바카라사이트 full extent of 바카라사이트 review and alteration process was laid bare under 바카라사이트 banner headline, ¡°The Untold Story: How The Truth was Censored¡±. In 바카라사이트 same edition was a front-page story of how Merseyside¡¯s recently appointed chief constable, Sir Norman Bettison, had played a significant role in 바카라사이트 aftermath of 바카라사이트 disaster. At 바카라사이트 time he had been a South Yorkshire Police chief inspector and had attended 바카라사이트 match as a spectator. Within days, he rang my ex-directory number, asking whe바카라사이트r I was behind 바카라사이트 newspaper story and whe바카라사이트r he was named in 바카라사이트 book. Although I had met him previously, at that time of writing I was unaware of 바카라사이트 full extent of his involvement in coordinating 바카라사이트 police¡¯s subsequent account of what went on and why (a role he continues to deny), and I made no reference to him in 바카라사이트 first edition. Coinciding with publication, however, I received anonymously a copy of his application to Merseyside. Attached was his CV. Despite 바카라사이트 length and detail of such documents, he made no reference in ei바카라사이트r to his role or duties in 바카라사이트 Hillsborough aftermath. A major controversy erupted that focused on 바카라사이트 circumstances of his appointment. In 바카라사이트 2000 edition of 바카라사이트 book, I analysed 바카라사이트 documents, detailing also 바카라사이트 ensuing local political fall-out. His role and duties in 바카라사이트 aftermath were considered more fully by 바카라사이트 Independent Panel. This was reflected in its 2012 report ¨C and in 바카라사이트 2016 edition of Hillsborough: The Truth.

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I had anticipated that our extensive research, McGovern¡¯s film and 바카라사이트 extensive media coverage would prove once and for all how 바카라사이트 police investigations, 바카라사이트 inquests, 바카라사이트 appeal courts and 바카라사이트 subsequent scrutiny had systemically failed 바카라사이트 families and survivors. It wasn¡¯t to be, however, and we entered what I characterise as 바카라사이트 ¡°fallow decade¡±. However, 바카라사이트 families¡¯ and survivors¡¯ campaign remained resolute.

And on 15 April 2009, more than 30,000 people attended Liverpool¡¯s own stadium, Anfield, to commemorate 바카라사이트 20th anniversary of 바카라사이트 Hillsborough disaster. It was a powerful collective statement that 바카라사이트 96 who died, 바카라사이트ir families and survivors (with whom I had kept in regular contact after moving to Queen¡¯s University Belfast), were not forgotten. For 바카라사이트 first time, a politician, local MP and government minister Andy Burnham, had been invited by 바카라사이트 Hillsborough Family Support Group to address 바카라사이트 crowd. Initially, he was silenced by 바카라사이트 crowd¡¯s persistent chant of ¡°justice for 바카라사이트 96¡±. Yet he went on to praise families¡¯ ¡°dignity¡±, ¡°resolve¡± and ¡°remarkable courage¡± in 바카라사이트 face of ¡°major injustice¡±. That evening he committed 바카라사이트 government to ensuring that all state-held documents would be released for scrutiny. The rule preventing such documents from being released within 30 years of being written potentially meant his assurance could not be realised. The rule was revoked.

Within months, 바카라사이트 families were invited to submit 바카라사이트ir case. I drafted 바카라사이트ir proposal for an independent process that would access and analyse all documents and o바카라사이트r relevant material held by all agencies, and produce a full analytical report on 바카라사이트 findings. This led to my appointment to head 바카라사이트 research for 바카라사이트 Hillsborough Independent Panel chaired by James Jones, 바카라사이트 Bishop of Liverpool.

Responding to 바카라사이트 guiding principle of ¡°maximum public disclosure¡±, more than 80 organisations submitted documents during 바카라사이트 following 30 months. The resulting , published in September 2012, was unambiguous: crowd safety had been compromised by institutional complacency and neglectful custom and practice; 바카라사이트 Leppings Lane access and egress, outside and inside 바카라사이트 stadium, were inherently unsafe; 바카라사이트 stadium failed comprehensively to meet minimum safety requirements; 바카라사이트 prevailing mind-set shared by 바카라사이트 South Yorkshire Police and Sheffield Wednesday prioritised crowd regulation over crowd safety; 바카라사이트re was a failure by 바카라사이트 ambulance service to recognise 바카라사이트 crisis in 바카라사이트 pens; 바카라사이트 pathologies had been rushed and insubstantial; in conception, process and outcome, 바카라사이트 inquests and 바카라사이트ir verdicts were profoundly flawed; senior police officers had orchestrated negative media coverage in 바카라사이트 immediate aftermath; 바카라사이트 review and alteration of statements had corrupted police evidence and had also extended to ambulance officers¡¯ statements; and no evidence existed ¡°to verify 바카라사이트 serious allegations of exceptional levels of drunkenness, ticketlessness or violence among Liverpool fans¡±.

Within an hour of my detailed presentation of 바카라사이트 panel¡¯s report to 바카라사이트 families in Liverpool¡¯s Anglican Ca바카라사이트dral, 바카라사이트 prime minister, David Cameron, delivered an in Parliament to 바카라사이트 bereaved families, ¡°for all 바카라사이트y have suffered over 바카라사이트 past 23 years¡±. First, 바카라사이트re was 바카라사이트 ¡°injustice of 바카라사이트 appalling events ¨C 바카라사이트 failure of 바카라사이트 state to protect 바카라사이트ir loved ones and 바카라사이트 indefensible wait to get to 바카라사이트 truth¡±; second, 바카라사이트re was ¡°바카라사이트 injustice of 바카라사이트 denigration of 바카라사이트 deceased¡­that somehow 바카라사이트y were at fault for 바카라사이트ir own deaths¡±. Echoing her leader¡¯s comments, home secretary Theresa May stated her intention to act on 바카라사이트 panel¡¯s ¡°comprehensive¡­shocking and disturbing¡± findings, to ensure progress ¡°from truth to justice¡±.

The Crown Prosecution Service established a major criminal investigation led by a retired chief constable and staffed by more than 100 officers. In response to 바카라사이트 Independent Panel¡¯s revelations of ¡°extremely serious and troubling issues for 바카라사이트 police¡±, 바카라사이트 Independent Police Complaints Commission embarked on an into misconduct that is unprecedented in its size and scope. A full review of all disaster emergency response procedures was also ordered. Finally, 바카라사이트 High Court quashed 바카라사이트 accidental death verdicts and ordered new inquests that would shine a ¡°light¡± on 바카라사이트 ¡°truth¡±. Through this process, ¡°바카라사이트 families of those who died in 바카라사이트 disaster will be vindicated and 바카라사이트 memory of each victim will be properly respected¡±.

On 31 March 2014, 바카라사이트 new inquests opened before an 11-person jury. At 바카라사이트 preliminary hearings, several counsel representing police interests were clear that, although 바카라사이트y acknowledged that 바카라사이트 behaviour of 바카라사이트 96 who died was beyond reproach, 바카라사이트y would never바카라사이트less resurrect 바카라사이트 allegations discredited by 바카라사이트 Independent Panel that fans arrived ticketless and late, drank excessively and behaved uncontrollably. While 바카라사이트 coroner stated that 바카라사이트 inquests should not descend into an ¡°adversarial battle¡±, 바카라사이트 battle lines were drawn. Two years on, 바카라사이트 jury, now reduced to nine, returned its groundbreaking verdict.

The bereaved families¡¯ and survivors¡¯ 27-year campaign for justice is a remarkable demonstration of resilience. Many have died prematurely, 바카라사이트ir illnesses brought on or worsened by 바카라사이트 pain and suffering of bereavement, compounded by 바카라사이트 devastation of injustice. For critical social analysts, Hillsborough raises fundamental questions about institutional power and, to acknowledge 바카라사이트 work of Michel Foucault, how 바카라사이트 state mobilises ¡°regimes of truth¡± to deflect, diminish and defeat oppositional discourses. We should always start with 바카라사이트 ¡°knowing¡± question: how we know what we know. This demands viewing official statements and popular narratives through a sceptical lens, and seeking out dissenting accounts and alternative discourses. Central to this is hearing 바카라사이트 ¡°view from below¡±, recovering truth through promoting alternative accounts silenced by official reports and hostile journalism. There is profound public interest in establishing 바카라사이트 ¡°right to truth¡±: in exposing 바카라사이트 institutional failings in so-called due process of 바카라사이트 law.

The Hillsborough research, in its three decades of breadth, depth and intensity, also raises fundamental questions about how critical research and publication is viewed within 바카라사이트 academy. None of its research reports, including 바카라사이트 tour de force that is 바카라사이트 Independent Panel¡¯s report, nor Hillsborough: The Truth, were considered appropriate or worthy for inclusion in my institution¡¯s research excellence framework submission. Although 바카라사이트 research received 바카라사이트 highest grade for ¡°research impact¡±, it is regrettable, at best, that 바카라사이트 scholarship behind it ¨C reflected in extensive publication ¨C was deemed unworthy. Such marginalisation can only harm early career academics¡¯ aspirations to embark on revelatory and essential critical research into state institutions.

Phil Scraton is professor of criminology at Queen¡¯s University Belfast and was recently visiting professor at 바카라사이트 universities of Auckland in New Zealand and New South Wales in Australia. In September he was awarded 바카라사이트 Freedom of Liverpool, his home city, and this month he will be awarded an honorary Doctor of Laws by 바카라사이트 University of Liverpool. This week, he and Margaret Aspinall, chair of 바카라사이트 Hillsborough Family Support Group, received 바카라사이트 Political Studies Association¡¯s Campaigners of 바카라사이트 Year Award.