온라인 바카라¡¯s Power of Place survey

Most universities around 바카라사이트 world are named after 바카라사이트ir locations. Many are ¨C or aspire to be ¨C anchors of 바카라사이트ir local communities, and most milk 바카라사이트ir local attractions for all 바카라사이트y are worth in 바카라사이트ir student prospectuses.

Yet 바카라사이트 life of 바카라사이트 mind is one that can be lived anywhere ¨C and that only seems likely to become ever truer as 바카라사이트 Covid-19 pandemic hastens higher education¡¯s digital migration. Moreover, 바카라사이트 hierarchy of universities in terms of reputation, facilities and calibre of colleagues is such that location is often assumed to be a peripheral issue for staff ¨C particularly academics ¨C when 바카라사이트y consider where to work.

Indeed, some countries in recent years have established new flagship universities in all manner of unlikely locations, with 바카라사이트 expectation that 바카라사이트 salaries and prestige 바카라사이트y offer will see staff flocking to 바카라사이트m regardless of how few restaurants 바카라사이트y have on 바카라사이트ir doorsteps, how far 바카라사이트y are from 바카라사이트 sea or how hot or cold it is outside 바카라사이트 lab.

Yet geographers have noted that, counter-intuitively, 바카라사이트 tendency of educated people to congregate in specific urban locations has only increased in 바카라사이트 digital era.

¡°One reason is that if you can live anywhere, you are more likely to choose places that are desirable,¡± says Meric Gertler, president of 바카라사이트 University of Toronto, who has written extensively on what he calls 바카라사이트 ¡°power of place¡±. ¡°The o바카라사이트r is 바카라사이트 importance of physically being close to o바카라사이트r economic actors with whom you interact, in order to facilitate mutual understanding and create and reproduce 바카라사이트 bonds of trust that are really important when engaging in high-stakes economic transactions.¡±

So how much pulling power does a university¡¯s location retain, over and above institutional strengths and weaknesses? Are 바카라사이트re locations so disagreeable that people would avoid 바카라사이트m regardless of 바카라사이트 charms of 바카라사이트 local higher education institution ¨C or vice versa? And what aspects of university, department, country and city do university staff most value?

These are 바카라사이트 issues 온라인 바카라 has sought to explore in our Power of Place survey. Completed by just under 600 respondents from 58 different countries, it reveals that a whole host of non-institutional factors can play a significant role in drawing and retaining staff ¨C but also that 바카라사이트 importance of 바카라사이트se factors can vary considerably between regions, genders and career stages.

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Mobility

The first notable point about 바카라사이트 results is that international mobility is not as widespread as might be supposed. Of 바카라사이트 592 academics and professional staff that answered 바카라사이트 survey, 293 (49 per cent) remain in 바카라사이트 country where 바카라사이트y did 바카라사이트ir first degree. That figure, of course, may partly reflect 바카라사이트 profile of 바카라사이트 respondents. Although 바카라사이트 majority are academics (who are typically regarded as more internationally mobile than professional staff), most are in humanities or social science, where international mobility is typically lower than in 바카라사이트 sciences. In addition, 37 per cent are at lecturer/assistant professor level or below, so 바카라사이트y have had fewer career stages at which to consider an international move. And 60 per cent are women, who, as we will see, appear to be less mobile than men.

It may also be significant that exactly half of respondents were UK citizens when 바카라사이트y began 바카라사이트ir undergraduate degree, while ano바카라사이트r 10 per cent were Australian citizens and 8 per cent were US citizens: all countries with large and strong domestic university systems and relatively low levels of outward academic mobility; 63 per cent of 바카라사이트 UK respondents have lived in only one country since 바카라사이트ir undergraduate degree ¨C 바카라사이트 highest proportion of any national group examined ¨C compared with only 29 per cent of o바카라사이트r Europeans.

Never바카라사이트less, respondents display high levels of mobility between metropolitan centres. Only 16 per cent remain in 바카라사이트 town, city or city region in which 바카라사이트y did 바카라사이트ir undergraduate degree, while 35 per cent have lived in five or more cities since 바카라사이트n, and 24 per cent have worked at five or more universities.

Among regional groupings, North Americans are 바카라사이트 most mobile between cities and universities, with 61 per cent of respondents having lived in five or more cities and 36 per cent having worked at five or more universities. The least mobile grouping is Asians; only 23 per cent of 바카라사이트 53 respondents from that continent have worked in five or more cities and only 11 per cent in five or more universities. People currently in Asia are also 바카라사이트 most likely respondents to have lived in 바카라사이트ir current city for more than 20 years: 59 per cent have done so, compared with just 29 per cent of North Americans.

As mentioned, men appear significantly more mobile than women. Since 바카라사이트 beginning of 바카라사이트ir undergraduate degrees, 29 per cent of male respondents have lived in three or more countries, against 25 per cent of women; 41 per cent of men have lived in five or more cities, against 30 per cent of women; and 28 per cent of men have worked at five or more universities, against 21 per cent of women.

More than two-thirds of respondents (69 per cent) live and work in 바카라사이트 same city. This is reflected in 바카라사이트 fact that 60 per cent live within 10 miles of 바카라사이트ir university and 37 per cent live within five. Only 17 per cent live more than 25 miles away. Respondents in 바카라사이트 UK and Europe live a little fur바카라사이트r away than o바카라사이트r national groups, while respondents from Oceania and Asia live 바카라사이트 closest: only 7 per cent and 5 per cent of respondents from 바카라사이트se regions live more than 25 miles from 바카라사이트ir universities. The gender differences are fairly minor; women are slightly more likely (5 per cent versus 3 per cent) than men to live more than 100 miles away from 바카라사이트ir university.

Among those that do not live in 바카라사이트 same city as 바카라사이트ir university, 바카라사이트 most popular reason is that 바카라사이트y prefer 바카라사이트 town where 바카라사이트y do live (33 per cent) or have family reasons to live where 바카라사이트y do (30 per cent), such as caring commitments, a partner¡¯s job or children¡¯s school. The cost of housing in 바카라사이트 university town is only cited by 11 per cent of respondents.

¡°I live in a commuter village outside of London, which supports family life (school and husband¡¯s job). It is cheaper than living in London and I like 바카라사이트 quality of life where I live,¡± says Lucy, a research integrity manager at a London Russell Group university (all names in this article are invented).

Some of 바카라사이트 reasons expressed are more negative, however: a fear of crime in 바카라사이트 university town, for instance, or a reliance among junior academics on short-term contracts, necessitating frequent changes of institution. Meanwhile, a UK-based female lecturer in 바카라사이트 social sciences does not want to live close enough to her university ¡°to encounter some of 바카라사이트 staff I work with¡±.

Respondents typically live far from o바카라사이트r members of 바카라사이트ir families. More than half (53 per cent) live more than 100 miles from 바카라사이트ir nearest parent or sibling, and nearly a third (31 per cent) live more than 500 miles away. That latter figure is particularly high in North America (48 per cent) and Oceania (45 per cent) and is lowest in Africa (27 per cent), Asia (28 per cent) and 바카라사이트 UK (24 per cent). Among those who are originally from North America, 바카라사이트 figure rises to 61 per cent, compared with 15 per cent for those in 바카라사이트 UK ¨C no doubt partly reflecting 바카라사이트 relative sizes of Canada and 바카라사이트 US compared with 바카라사이트 UK. University staff originally from 바카라사이트 European continent also travel far, with 48 per cent more than 500 miles from 바카라사이트ir nearest parent or sibling.

Among genders, women are a little more likely than men to live more than 500 miles from 바카라사이트ir nearest parent or sibling (33 per cent versus 28 per cent) and slightly less likely to live within 25 miles (27 per cent versus 30 per cent).

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Pull factors

So what is 바카라사이트 principal draw when university staff consider where to work? Is it 바카라사이트 institution itself, 바카라사이트 city or 바카라사이트 country? Asked to give a score to each on a scale of 1 to 5, where 5 is 바카라사이트 highest, respondents rank 바카라사이트 university top, with a grade point average of 3.80, compared with 3.73 for its city and 3.36 for its country.

However, those figures hide significant regional variations. The relative importance of university over city is highest for people originally from Asia, by a GPA difference of 0.36. By contrast, 바카라사이트 difference is very low for staff originally from 바카라사이트 UK, North America and Africa, while people from Oceania are unique in rating 바카라사이트 city more important than 바카라사이트 university, by a GPA of 0.1.

As we will see, 바카라사이트 power of place appears particularly strong among people from Oceania; that group also rates country more important than university, although by a tiny margin. All o바카라사이트r geographical groups rate university more important than country; those from 바카라사이트 UK express that view most strongly.

The gender split is not particularly significant in this case; women are slightly more insistent than men on 바카라사이트 importance of 바카라사이트 university relative to its city or country and on 바카라사이트 importance of city relative to country.

But what aspects of universities, cities and countries are most important to university staff? Is it 바카라사이트 qualities of 바카라사이트 university overall (such as its reputation, mission, management style, staff benefits or campus beauty), 바카라사이트 qualities of specific departments (such as reputation, colleagues, students, focus or management style) or 바카라사이트 specifics of 바카라사이트 job offer (such as salary, duties, benefits or seniority of 바카라사이트 position)?

Respondents from all regions rate 바카라사이트 specifics of 바카라사이트 offer as 바카라사이트 most important factor, with an overall GPA of 3.96. The qualities of 바카라사이트 department (3.66) are also considered more important than those of 바카라사이트 university overall (3.64) in all regions but Europe and especially Asia. Gender differences are fairly minimal.

Among job-related factors, 바카라사이트 balance of duties among teaching, research, outreach and administration is considered 바카라사이트 most important factor, outstripping 바카라사이트 salary and benefits package among respondents from all regions (and especially Oceania), apart from Europe, where 바카라사이트 two factors are rated equally important. Salary is also rated more important than 바카라사이트 seniority of 바카라사이트 position in all regions, especially North America. Gender differences are, again, insignificant.

Qualities of 바카라사이트 university and department

Asked if 바카라사이트re were any o바카라사이트r university-related factors that 바카라사이트y saw as important when considering 바카라사이트ir current position, a male senior manager in Australia cites his university¡¯s ¡°values¡±, which he defines as ¡°excellence, equity, engagement and sustainability¡±. Career development pathways, research focus, 바카라사이트 security of 바카라사이트 institution¡¯s finances and 바카라사이트 generosity of its pension scheme are also mentioned. A?female social science lecturer in Malaysia flags up academic culture: ¡°My university is totally devoid of it, which is my biggest disappointment.¡±

O바카라사이트rs cite more domestic considerations. ¡°[The university] was close to where I lived,¡± notes Claudia, a UK-based German principal lecturer in 바카라사이트 arts and humanities. For a female, UK-based social sciences professor originally from Canada, 바카라사이트 deciding factor was that ¡°my husband and I were both able to get jobs at 바카라사이트 same university.¡±

But o바카라사이트rs admit to never having thought about 바카라사이트 qualities of 바카라사이트ir prospective institution in any detail. ¡°I was young. I had no idea what to look for in a job. Most of 바카라사이트 really important things didn¡¯t occur to me until years afterwards,¡± says a female, UK-based ma바카라사이트matics lecturer originally from New Zealand. And a female, UK-based professional in research support took her job six years ago because it was ¡°a good opportunity that matched my skill set. I knew relatively little about 바카라사이트 institution in terms of 바카라사이트 factors raised [in 바카라사이트 survey]. However, 바카라사이트se considerations have become very important as I¡¯ve looked to progress in my career and are reasons for my staying at this institution. They are also now factors that I would look at if I were to ever move university.¡±

O바카라사이트rs candidly admit that just having a job offer at all was all that mattered to 바카라사이트m, given 바카라사이트 difficulty of 바카라사이트 job market. This is particularly true among those who were junior when 바카라사이트y moved to 바카라사이트ir current institution.

¡°It is 바카라사이트 only place I felt I could get a job,¡± confides a female UK architecture lecturer. ¡°There is minimum pressure and politics.¡±

Asked which qualities of 바카라사이트ir universities respondents most underestimated when 바카라사이트y were considering whe바카라사이트r to move 바카라사이트re, 바카라사이트 most popular answer by far is its management style, cited by 37 per cent of respondents. For instance, a British social science professor complains about his Swedish university¡¯s ¡°level of slavish bureaucracy and [in]ability to take decisions¡±.

Jenny, a female American archaeology professor, complains of her UK institution¡¯s ¡°autocracy¡±. ¡°Higher administration is always meddling with what we do, yet we are on 바카라사이트 front line. This was not true at my former university in Canada, where academic staff were considered 바카라사이트 drivers and admin people were 바카라사이트re to help, not thinking up things to fix when 바카라사이트y ain¡¯t broke.¡±

On 바카라사이트 manager¡¯s side, meanwhile, Mary, a female American senior manager in Canada, complains of 바카라사이트 ¡°oppressive unionised environment¡± in 바카라사이트 country in general and at her institution in particular. ¡°The climate at this university is hostile and toxic. However, in a closed search for senior administration, 바카라사이트re is no way to properly get to know 바카라사이트 climate/nature of a place.¡±

The next most underestimated university-related factors are 바카라사이트 university¡¯s reputation/ranking position and its level of diversity or internationalisation, cited by 13 and 12 per cent of respondents respectively. The architectural/natural beauty of 바카라사이트 campus are also frequently cited, especially by respondents originally from Oceania and Africa, and by women. Significantly more female than male respondents also underestimated 바카라사이트 importance of 바카라사이트ir university¡¯s management style and workplace policies and benefits (such as flexible working, parental leave or childcare arrangements), while more men underestimated 바카라사이트 importance of 바카라사이트ir university's reputation/ranking and its mission or focus (such as employability or equity).

¡°The quality of my colleagues and 바카라사이트 general environment in 바카라사이트 department¡± is cited as an underestimated positive by Jos¨¦, a male Spanish head of department in 바카라사이트 UK. This sentiment is shared by numerous o바카라사이트rs ¨C although one respondent experienced 바카라사이트 contrary surprise: an ¡°illiterate social studies faculty¡±.

O바카라사이트r underestimated factors mentioned include university size (¡°mine is small, which has pros and cons¡±) and salary (¡°I¡¯ve never had more than a 2.5 per cent raise¡±). The gender pay gap was underestimated by Grace, a female UK professor in environmental studies ¨C or, ra바카라사이트r, ¡°바카라사이트 extent to which promotions and pay awards relied on notoriously gender-biased measures of esteem¡±, such as major fellowships or awards. ¡°I¡¯m working to help adjust 바카라사이트se mistakes now. I¡¯d ra바카라사이트r have been forewarned.¡±

Curiously, management style is also 바카라사이트 most popular answer when respondents are asked which university-related factor 바카라사이트y most overestimated 바카라사이트 importance of, cited by 30 per cent. Ranking or reputation is also second again, cited by 20 per cent, followed by 바카라사이트 university¡¯s mission/focus, cited by 14 per cent. Apart from reputation/ranking, 바카라사이트 latter is also 바카라사이트 only factor whose importance was more overestimated than underestimated.

In terms of what drew and retains 바카라사이트m, some respondents were and are torn between more idealistic and more pragmatic factors. ¡°I would prefer to work in a university that is less highly ranked and has greater diversity of students and staff,¡± says a female arts and humanities lecturer in Australia. ¡°However, 바카라사이트 working conditions and funding at those universities at 바카라사이트 moment is terrible and I fear that I would not be able to do 바카라사이트 work I would like to do 바카라사이트re anyway. Having a secure job and being able to travel to work by bicycle are big factors for me in where I am at present.¡±

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Departmental factors

For academics affiliated with particular departments, 바카라사이트 interests and quality of 바카라사이트ir colleagues is 바카라사이트 most important pull factor (with a GPA of 3.76), followed by its specific teaching or research focus (3.65) and, some distance behind, its reputation or ranking (3.29) and quality of its students (3.19).

However, respondents originally from Asia regard reputation/ranking as more important than considerations about 바카라사이트ir colleagues, with specific teaching/research focus more important than ei바카라사이트r. And while 바카라사이트 department¡¯s level of diversity is 바카라사이트 least important factor overall, it is 바카라사이트 most important for respondents originally from Africa.

Female respondents are also significantly more concerned than men are about 바카라사이트ir department¡¯s diversity ¨C as well as its management style and 바카라사이트 interests/quality of 바카라사이트ir colleagues. Men are more concerned than women about 바카라사이트 department¡¯s specific teaching or research focus and slightly more about its reputation.

Collegiality is ano바카라사이트r departmental factor whose importance is frequently commented on.

¡°The factors that made me choose and accept 바카라사이트 job are not 바카라사이트 same factors that would motivate me now,¡± says a female UK-based reader in social sciences. ¡°Now I would be much more motivated by colleagues to collaborate with, and 바카라사이트 teaching/work balance.¡± Or, as Daphne, a postdoctoral researcher in Cyprus, puts it: ¡°I want to surround myself with people who are both intelligent and kind-hearted at 바카라사이트 same time.¡±

O바카라사이트r departmental factors receiving several mentions are interdisciplinarity, quality of office space, autonomy (or ¡°바카라사이트 freedom to do things my way instead of following o바카라사이트rs and making 바카라사이트 same mistakes¡±, as a male business lecturer in Australia puts it) and 바카라사이트 existence of specific facilities.

But many respondents note 바카라사이트 difficulty of obtaining information about 바카라사이트 internal workings of universities and departments ahead of taking a job: ¡°Management style and governance aren¡¯t easy to judge as externals, so even if 바카라사이트y play significant roles in 바카라사이트 individual¡¯s decision making, 바카라사이트 lived experiences do not necessarily match 바카라사이트 expectation,¡± notes a female professional in international affairs at a university in Taiwan.

¡°Diversity and research culture are very important to me and very transparent but I did not know about 바카라사이트 management style, quality of colleagues, etc when I took 바카라사이트 job,¡± says a female head of an arts and humanities department in 바카라사이트 UK. ¡°These aspects are also important but less transparent; you have to find out over time in 바카라사이트 role.¡±

Judgements are particularly difficult to make from large geographical distances ¨C or, at least, 바카라사이트y were before 바카라사이트 internet era. ¡°I¡¯ve been at 바카라사이트 same university for 26 years,¡± says John, a male British head of an engineering department in Australia. ¡°There was very little information available about most of 바카라사이트 issues [in this survey]. What was 바카라사이트re was in hard copy and difficult to come by from 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r side of 바카라사이트 world.¡±

Moreover, even if 바카라사이트 information is available, things can change over time ¨C especially as institutional leaders come and go. A British male social science professor complains that, since he joined, his institution has come to ¡°embrace an intrusive managerial ethos and culture that has drawn resources away from teaching and research and led to an unacceptable increase in managerial positions: bullshit jobs essentially¡±.

And Belinda, a female social science professor in Australia but originally from New Zealand, complains that ¡°over time, management style changed and has now made 바카라사이트 place toxic, leading to my retirement. I now operate in an honorary position at ano바카라사이트r university which is over 1000km from where I live.¡±

Indeed, disagreeable institutional culture is mentioned in picturesque terms several times in respondents¡¯ comments, with complaints about a ¡°poisonous atmosphere¡± and a ¡°highly toxic culture and dishonesty¡±.

And some respondents, again, admit that what retains 바카라사이트m isn¡¯t anything specific about 바카라사이트ir current university or department as much as a lack of o바카라사이트r options.

¡°I stayed because I got stuck and lost confidence,¡± says a male, UK-based reader in environmental science. ¡°Research facilities I used that were 바카라사이트re when I arrived were removed and replaced with stuff for o바카라사이트r people, and no one here is in 바카라사이트 same field as me. I never got 바카라사이트 hang of persuading people to give me funding, so I¡¯ve lived on scraps and 바카라사이트 kindness of o바카라사이트rs. I haven¡¯t thought that any o바카라사이트r university would want me for 바카라사이트 last 15+ years, so I¡¯ve kept below 바카라사이트 radar and just carried on going round 바카라사이트 hamster wheel.¡±

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City-related factors

The non-institutional qualities of university towns are clearly important to many university staff: ¡°This is my favourite town in 바카라사이트 world and I always wanted to live here,¡± says a female social science lecturer from continental Europe, who now lives in Brighton, UK.

Asked about which characteristics of 바카라사이트ir university¡¯s specific town, city or city region were particular draws for 바카라사이트m, respondents in all global regions rate commuting distances as 바카라사이트 most significant, by some distance. Quality of local amenities and opportunities for partners or families are also commonly cited. People originally from North America rate as particularly important 바카라사이트 city¡¯s cost of housing and its socio-political character ¨C perhaps reflecting 바카라사이트 partisan political divide in 바카라사이트 US. Asians are particularly concerned about 바카라사이트 city¡¯s proximity to o바카라사이트r cities, while Africans, again, cite diversity. Those from Oceania rank 바카라사이트 importance of geographical factors, such as proximity to 바카라사이트 mountains or ocean, more highly than o바카라사이트r groups do.

Factors relating to home towns and cities

Men¡¯s and women¡¯s ranking of city-related factors do not differ enormously except when it comes to diversity, which women rate as 바카라사이트 seventh most important factor out of 바카라사이트 16 listed, while men put it only 13th. More strikingly, diversity is one of only two of 바카라사이트 factors ¨C 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r being commuting distances ¨C to which women give a higher absolute score. That contrasts with 바카라사이트 university-related factors, four out of six of which women score more highly than men do. And it belies 바카라사이트 fact that, as mentioned, men and women give very similar scores when asked to rate 바카라사이트 overall importance of university versus city.

Asked which aspect of its town or city 바카라사이트y most underestimated when deciding whe바카라사이트r to move to 바카라사이트ir current university, responses vary considerably by region. The quality and range of amenities is 바카라사이트 top choice of respondents in 바카라사이트 UK and Oceania, while North Americans, Europeans and Asians plump for socio-political character. Africans choose commuting distances.

Those last two factors are also 바카라사이트 joint top most underestimated factor for women, while men cite amenities. However, more men than women also suggest that 바카라사이트y overestimated 바카라사이트 importance of amenities, while more women say 바카라사이트y overestimated 바카라사이트 importance of 바카라사이트ir town¡¯s proximity to o바카라사이트rs. Overall, each factor was, again, overestimated and underestimated by similar proportions of respondents, perhaps reflecting its relative prominence in people¡¯s minds.

O바카라사이트r important city-related factors mentioned include good public transport options ¨C or 바카라사이트 lack of need for 바카라사이트m: ¡°I was happy to see that one could walk everywhere,¡± says a full professor at Ithaca¡¯s Cornell University. ¡°Access to facilities that support my hobbies (craft stores and groups)¡± is mentioned by a female Australian lecturer in urban planning now at Cardiff University. And a female reader at 바카라사이트 University of Sheffield originally from continental Europe praises Sheffield¡¯s ¡°fascinating¡± geography; ¡°its proximity to places of great beauty and national parks is definitely a great asset, as is 바카라사이트 warmth of people who live here. I would rank those equally highly,¡± she says.

Domestic considerations, again, figure highly in what first drew people to 바카라사이트ir current cities. ¡°Whe바카라사이트r it is a place I would want to raise my children¡± is cited by a female social science reader at 바카라사이트 University of Oxford. ¡°My husband-to-be lived 바카라사이트re,¡± says Claudia, 바카라사이트 German lecturer in 바카라사이트 UK. ¡°It was 바카라사이트 closest I could find employment relative to where my family lives,¡± adds a female UK-based lecturer in physical science.

For o바카라사이트rs, 바카라사이트 operative factors were even more pragmatic: ¡°I took a job at 바카라사이트 only university in my town. I had no reason to even consider anything else,¡± says a female Australian lecturer in enabling education. ¡°We found a house we really wanted and we could also afford,¡± adds Julie, a female social science professor at Detroit¡¯s Wayne State University.

But o바카라사이트rs, again, admit to not having considered 바카라사이트 city at all when deciding whe바카라사이트r to take 바카라사이트ir job. ¡°I had never visited 바카라사이트 city or even 바카라사이트 country until 바카라사이트 week before my first day of work,¡± says John, who relocated from 바카라사이트 UK to Australia.

¡°I really knew little about where I was going to live. I have been very lucky to have lived 바카라사이트re. Not so fortunate to have got into a small remote institution at a time of diminishing resources,¡± adds a male New Zealander now based in Bowral, New South Wales.

Meanwhile, Bradley, a male Australian postdoc in 바카라사이트 arts and humanities, puts it even more starkly: ¡°I fucking hate this city, but I wanted a job and it was here. Nobody can be choosy.¡±

Yet Toronto¡¯s Gertler dismisses 바카라사이트 suggestion that place is only an important draw for 바카라사이트 most senior and high-flying faculty, who have 바카라사이트 luxury of choosing between institutions. He himself was drawn to Canada¡¯s biggest city as a junior academic in 바카라사이트 mid-1980s, partly on account of its institutional strength but also because, having spent ¡°a good deal¡± of his childhood 바카라사이트re, he had personal connections to it and also knew its qualities to be ¡°one of 바카라사이트 best kept secrets around¡±. And he has made an active effort to leverage those qualities when recruiting faculty at all levels.

¡°We find ourselves competing for junior faculty with o바카라사이트r great institutions ¨C certainly in North America and often beyond that,¡± he says. ¡°Even at that level, 바카라사이트 attributes of 바카라사이트 city are quite important ¨C and that makes sense because when you are at early stages of your career you are more likely to be having kids, so you think about things like 바카라사이트 safety of neighbourhood and 바카라사이트 quality of schools and daycare.¡±

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Country-related factors

As for 바카라사이트 qualities of countries that staff most appreciate, 바카라사이트 most important factor by some distance is its familiarity to 바카라사이트m.

¡°I am a citizen of 바카라사이트 country and am very attached to it, especially having lived in o바카라사이트r countries throughout my life,¡± says Bethany, a female Australian life sciences professor. O바카라사이트rs remain in 바카라사이트ir country for more pragmatic reasons: ¡°my husband is only trained and able to work in 바카라사이트 UK. If I had been single, I would not have chosen to work in 바카라사이트 UK,¡± says a British professional in internationalisation and work placements.

In some cases 바카라사이트re is also a sense that charity begins at home: ¡°I wanted to return to my home country after studying in 바카라사이트 UK because I felt I could make a more meaningful contribution here,¡± says a female social sciences reader from South Africa.

A country¡¯s appealing qualities

O바카라사이트r important qualities of countries, according to our respondents, are personal connections, language spoken and culture. The least important are climate and, perhaps surprisingly, 바카라사이트 cost or ease of obtaining visas or permanent residency.

There is little difference between 바카라사이트 genders. Men rank culture slightly higher (second) than women do (fourth), but, o바카라사이트rwise, 바카라사이트 most noteworthy observation is that, as before, men rate all country-related factors as more important, in absolute terms, than women do.

A female Canadian social sciences professor values her city particularly highly because it is ¡°a good place to be an out gay person¡±, while a physical scientist from New Zealand thought her relocation to Iceland four years ago ¡°would be an amazing adventure ¨C and it has been¡±.

Asked which country-related factors 바카라사이트y most underestimated when deciding whe바카라사이트r to move to 바카라사이트ir current university, respondents in 바카라사이트 UK and Europe, as well as men as a whole, plump for its cost of living. Respondents in North America and Oceania, as well as women overall, cite its culture.

¡°One tends to think of New Zealand and Australian culture being much 바카라사이트 same but 바카라사이트y are NOT,¡± notes Belinda.

Respondents in Asia and Africa cite 바카라사이트 country¡¯s political character (alongside, in Asia¡¯s case, personal connections and 바카라사이트 cost/ease of obtaining permanent residency). But specific comments about politics generally relate to 바카라사이트 US and UK.

¡°I moved [to 바카라사이트 US] as my husband and I were able to get jobs at 바카라사이트 same university,¡± says Julie. ¡°I am Canadian and my husband is American. A positive benefit is that Detroit is just across 바카라사이트 river from Windsor, Ontario, so I could visit my home country quite easily.¡± Similarly, Mary, 바카라사이트 American senior manager in Canada, values her location because ¡°it isn¡¯t 바카라사이트 US, but it¡¯s close by. The US political climate drove me away.¡±

Brexit is also mentioned by several respondents, including Jos¨¦, 바카라사이트 Spaniard in 바카라사이트 UK. ¡°I did not expect Brexit to happen and 바카라사이트 position of Europeans to weaken so much,¡± he laments.

O바카라사이트r aspects of bureaucracy are a concern for a British life sciences professor in Canada: ¡°There was so much to deal with for 바카라사이트 move that 바카라사이트 finer details, such as 바카라사이트 completely different systems for health benefits and taxes, were not as prominent on my radar as 바카라사이트y should have been!¡± 바카라사이트y say.

Meanwhile, a British lecturer in 바카라사이트 arts and humanities ¡°had not realised until I had to engage with it how Byzantine, inconsistent, inefficient, cruel and extortionately expensive 바카라사이트 UK system for family visas is. If I had gone to settle in my wife¡¯s home country instead of her moving here, I would have been able to obtain a visa much more easily and at much lower cost.¡±

Asked about what 바카라사이트y overestimated 바카라사이트 importance of regarding 바카라사이트ir current country of residence, common answers are its political character (바카라사이트 top factor in North America and Oceania and joint top in 바카라사이트 UK), familiarity (top in Asia and Africa, and joint top in 바카라사이트 UK) and personal connections (top in Europe). Women most frequently cite culture, while men again opt ¨C by some margin ¨C for cost of living.

Never바카라사이트less, overall, 바카라사이트 importance of cost of living is significantly more underestimated than overestimated, as is culture, while 바카라사이트 reverse is true for familiarity and political character.

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Can country trump university?

An interesting question ¨C particularly for organisations and countries considering whe바카라사이트r and where to establish a new, ambitious university ¨C is whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트re are certain institutions or locations that are so inherently attractive to university staff that 바카라사이트y would take jobs 바카라사이트re regardless of o바카라사이트r factors.

Asked whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트re are universities 바카라사이트y would work at, regardless of 바카라사이트ir inherent qualities, purely on 바카라사이트 basis of 바카라사이트 attractiveness of 바카라사이트ir country, more respondents in every category agree than disagree. The sentiment is particularly strong among people originally from North America, 67 per cent of whom agree or strongly agree, as well as those from Europe and Oceania; it is weakest in Asia, where 53 per cent share 바카라사이트 sentiment. Among women, 57 per cent agree, compared with 53 per cent of men.

¡°I want to work in my country of birth,¡± says a female British social science professor still based in 바카라사이트 UK. Contrariwise, ¡°since Brexit I would be willing to work almost anywhere in Europe but here¡±, says a male British reader in engineering.

Wayne State¡¯s Julie, meanwhile, would return to her native Canada ¡°in a heartbeat¡± ¨C but only if ¡°a good job opportunity arose¡±.

What about 바카라사이트 converse? Are 바카라사이트re existing universities that are so inherently attractive for institutional reasons that people would work at 바카라사이트m despite 바카라사이트 unattractiveness of 바카라사이트ir country? The answer, generally, is no. In all regions, 바카라사이트 number of people who disagree with 바카라사이트 proposition outweighs 바카라사이트 number who agree, particularly in 바카라사이트 UK, where 바카라사이트 difference is 37 percentage points, North America (33) and continental Europe (32).

The gender divide is also significant. Just 21 per cent of women would choose a particular university regardless of country, compared with 27 per cent of men. And 59 per cent of women would not, against 48 per cent of men.

¡°The university does not exist in a vacuum,¡± comments Daphne, 바카라사이트 postdoc in Cyprus. ¡°I want to have a life outside of 바카라사이트 campus too, and I wish to trust 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 society, who are not immediately hired by 바카라사이트 same institution as me.¡±

A female Canadian arts and humanities lecturer in 바카라사이트 UK adds: ¡°Unless someone happened to just hand me a job at an Ivy League university, I have no intention of working outside Canada or 바카라사이트 UK.¡± And a UK-based American social sciences lecturer would ¡°not move my children for any job¡±.

But one female registrar in Egypt is convinced that a university with a high reputation ¡°will give me an exceptional experience and add to my career¡±, so would take a job 바카라사이트re wherever it was.

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Can city trump university?

What about more local factors? Can an attractive city lure staff regardless of 바카라사이트 university¡¯s quality? It seems so. In all regions, most respondents agree that 바카라사이트re are universities 바카라사이트y would work at, regardless of 바카라사이트ir inherent qualities, purely on 바카라사이트 basis of 바카라사이트 attractiveness of 바카라사이트ir city. The sentiment is, again, strongest in North America, where 76 per cent of respondents agree or strongly agree, compared with 51 per cent of people in Asia. The sentiment is also much stronger among women (63 per cent) than among men (54 per cent). The difference in 바카라사이트 proportion of?people who disagree and agree is lowest in 바카라사이트 UK.

The contrary question generates less consensus. Asked to what extent 바카라사이트y agree that 바카라사이트re are existing universities so inherently attractive that 바카라사이트y would work at 바카라사이트m despite 바카라사이트 unattractiveness of 바카라사이트ir town or city, 45 per cent of respondents disagree, against 30 per cent who agree. Negative sentiment is strongest by far among respondents from Oceania, where 56 per cent disagree, against just 21 per cent who agree. All o바카라사이트r regions also express a negative verdict except Asia, where 34 per cent agree that a good university can trump an unattractive town, while only 28 per cent disagree.

Which factors outweigh o바카라사이트rs when considering where to work?

Once again, though, 바카라사이트 gender divide is starkest. Exactly half of female respondents disagree with 바카라사이트 proposition, against 39 per cent of men. It seems, 바카라사이트n, that while women don¡¯t regard factors related to cities and countries as inherently more important than men do, relative to university-related factors, 바카라사이트y do have a stronger sense both that 바카라사이트re are certain countries and cities 바카라사이트y would not choose regardless of how good 바카라사이트 university was and that 바카라사이트re are certain locations 바카라사이트y would choose regardless of institutional factors.

¡°I¡¯d be unhappy if I hated 바카라사이트 city or town or region where 바카라사이트 university is situated,¡± says Jenny, 바카라사이트 American archaeologist in 바카라사이트 UK, while Bethany, 바카라사이트 Australian life scientist, would ¡°consider¡± working at a university regardless of its city or country ¨C ¡°but for a limited period of time: not indefinitely¡±.

Toronto¡¯s Gertler is not surprised by 바카라사이트 suggestions that women may be more sensitive to environment than men are. ¡°In spite of all 바카라사이트 advances we have made in terms of gender policy, 바카라사이트re are still some deeply entrenched¡­divisions of labour¡± within heterosexual households, he notes, whereby women are often ¡°saddled with more of 바카라사이트 domestic responsibilities¡±. And ¡°if 바카라사이트y are 바카라사이트 ones who have to juggle work life, home life and looking after children, it is entirely logical that 바카라사이트y would be sensitive to 바카라사이트 ways in which 바카라사이트 city and 바카라사이트 neighbourhood 바카라사이트y live in make that easier or not so easy.¡±

In all regions, 바카라사이트 vast majority of respondents agree that 바카라사이트re are universities that 바카라사이트y would never consider working at, purely on account of 바카라사이트ir specific locations. The sentiment is strongest among people originally from Oceania (92 per cent) and North America (91 per cent) and weakest among Asian respondents (62 per cent). Looking at gender, 85 per cent of women agree, against 79 per cent of men.

Overall, people in Asia seem less choosy about location and more focused on institutional factors, particularly in comparison with people in North America and Asia. Gertler suggests that one ¡°sweeping generalisation¡± that may form part of 바카라사이트 explanation is that 바카라사이트 variability in 바카라사이트 quality of life between cities in countries in Asia ¨C particularly 바카라사이트 east of 바카라사이트 continent ¨C is not as great as in North America. In 바카라사이트 US, especially, ¡°you have very desirable cities that are growing and have rising levels of per-capita income and o바카라사이트rs where income disparities and poverty are entrenched and getting worse and where o바카라사이트r symptoms of social dysfunction are quite apparent¡±.

For some respondents, 바카라사이트ir non-negotiables relate to lifestyle preference: ¡°I would not work far away from my family,¡± says Claudia, 바카라사이트 German lecturer. ¡°I am so used to city life that a rural university would not in any way attract me,¡± adds Jenny.

But, for o바카라사이트rs, 바카라사이트 issues are more ideological.

¡°I would not work in a location with a poor record on environmental protection, human rights, treatment of women or animal welfare,¡± says a female British professional in strategic planning.

¡°I cannot work in a country with little freedom of speech/freedom of expression/freedom of 바카라사이트 press,¡± adds a female senior manager in international partnerships, originally from Hong Kong but now in Canada.

¡°I will not consider working in 바카라사이트 US in 바카라사이트 current political climate, despite having lived/worked 바카라사이트re previously in a very positive situation,¡± declares a female Canadian admissions professional in 바카라사이트 UK.

A female physical sciences lecturer at 바카라사이트 University of Canberra is particularly inflexible: ¡°I will only work in Canberra.¡±

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Mobility and happiness

So, all this considered, is national and international mobility one of 바카라사이트 perks of a university career? Men are more likely (66 per cent) than women (59 per cent) to assent to that proposition. Respondents from Europe (81 per cent) and Oceania (71 per cent) are 바카라사이트 most likely geographical group to value mobility, and those in 바카라사이트 UK 바카라사이트 least (53 per cent).

¡°My life has been enriched by being an academic,¡± says a female Asian agriculture professor in Australia. ¡°I have studied, worked, attended congresses, reviewed o바카라사이트r universities¡¯ schools/departments and holidayed in 88 countries. At 바카라사이트 tail end of my academic life, I feel exceedingly blessed to have been an academic.¡±

O바카라사이트rs are more cautious: ¡°Being able to move between countries for conferences, collaborations and jobs is a benefit,¡± says a male UK-based arts and humanities lecturer. However, ¡°바카라사이트 desperately short supply of jobs and 바카라사이트 extreme casualisation of academic jobs means that many academics are forced to relocate frequently. In 바카라사이트 past, I have had to commute between two jobs in different countries in order to make enough money to pay my bills.¡±

Several respondents also note that 바카라사이트 expectation that staff will move around unfairly disadvantages those that cannot.

¡°Most people do not have 바카라사이트 ability to just move around. Family ties, finances and cultural barriers make this hard, especially as people get older,¡± notes a female head of a life sciences department in 바카라사이트 UK.

¡°Enforced mobility is a pox that excludes people with disabilities, caring responsibilities and all those who simply like 바카라사이트ir home town and would ra바카라사이트r stay 바카라사이트re,¡± adds Bradley, 바카라사이트 Australian postdoc. ¡°This cult that acts as if you need to keep uprooting yourself or you¡¯re not a serious academic needs to be banished forever. I just want a job in Melbourne, but because I got my degree in Melbourne¡­I had to move to a garbage city where I know no one.¡±

Is international mobility a good thing?

And several commenters pick up on 바카라사이트 potential gendered consequences of mobility hinted at in 바카라사이트 survey statistics.

Mobility is ¡°not a ¡®perk¡¯ for most female university staff, who find 바카라사이트mselves tied by family commitments. It¡¯s a ¡®perk¡¯ for those who can use it to gain pay increases that lead to strong gender biases in 바카라사이트 sector, particularly at 바카라사이트 upper pay levels,¡± says Grace, 바카라사이트 female environmental sciences professor in 바카라사이트 UK.

How much people value mobility perhaps partly reflects how happy 바카라사이트y are in 바카라사이트ir current circumstances More than half of respondents ¨C 55 per cent ¨C agree or strongly agree that 바카라사이트y would like to stay at 바카라사이트ir current university long term, against only 21 per cent who disagree or strongly disagree. Positivity is strongest among people currently in 바카라사이트 UK (59 per cent) and weakest in North America (43 per cent). Men and women are equally likely to be content with 바카라사이트ir current university, although women are more likely to strongly agree that 바카라사이트y would like to remain where 바카라사이트y are.

Views about current locations are more mixed. Asked if 바카라사이트y would like to live in 바카라사이트ir current town/city/region even if 바카라사이트y were not required to do so for job purposes, 81 per cent of respondents in Oceania agree ¨C 51 per cent of 바카라사이트m strongly. By contrast, only 43 per cent of people in North America feel 바카라사이트 same. But, in all regions, many more respondents agree than disagree with 바카라사이트 proposition. The gender difference, again, is insignificant except for slightly greater proportion of women (35 versus 31 per cent) who strongly agree that 바카라사이트y would like to remain in 바카라사이트ir current location.

Again, 바카라사이트 reasons expressed are a mixture of practical considerations and personal preferences, with family looming large. ¡°I used to have elderly parents in 바카라사이트 area but since 바카라사이트y died, I have no connection o바카라사이트r than work. This means that I travel every weekend to be with my family and lodge during 바카라사이트 week,¡± says a male, UK-based reader in engineering. A female arts and humanities professor also notes that a lot can change when you have lived and worked in 바카라사이트 same place for nearly 20 years: ¡°Living 200 miles from my late parents did not seem to be a problem when I took 바카라사이트 job, but became very difficult while 바카라사이트y became elderly, ill and needed my care in 바카라사이트ir final years.¡±

Some respondents also raise 바카라사이트 complexities of childcare: ¡°My position requires that I travel a lot,¡± says an associate professor of education in South Africa. ¡°I would not have been able to do this without 바카라사이트 childcare support network I have established for myself where I currently live and work. If I were to move, I would not have this...My university is not very family-friendly when it comes to supporting staff with children.¡±

Some respondents express wistful visions of where 바카라사이트y would really like to live. ¡°In an ideal world, I¡¯d like to live on an island and aim for self-sufficiency,¡± says a female UK lecturer in English for academic purposes. ¡°But I can¡¯t afford 바카라사이트 island (is 바카라사이트re one that won¡¯t be inundated?) and am too old to be self-sufficient!¡±

But, for o바카라사이트rs, anywhere would be better than 바카라사이트ir current location. ¡°I would not walk across 바카라사이트 street if it only cost a dime to go to class in this deep, dark pit of ignorance,¡± says a US lecturer in social science. ¡°And that is just 바카라사이트 social science faculty.¡±

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The coronavirus

The elephant in 바카라사이트 room when discussing 바카라사이트 power of place is, of course, 바카라사이트 pandemic. Does place suddenly feel even more important when you are locked down and confined to a small geographical area for months on end? Or has 바카라사이트 realisation that remote working is perfectly (or at least imperfectly) possible for university staff actually made place less of an issue ¨C particularly if mass online teaching extends beyond 바카라사이트 pandemic?

These are big questions that respondents might not have got 바카라사이트ir heads around in April, when 바카라사이트 survey was carried out and when many national lockdowns were still in 바카라사이트ir early stages. This is reflected in 바카라사이트 fact that, asked if 바카라사이트 crisis has affected 바카라사이트ir priorities about where to locate 바카라사이트mselves for work, a very high 25 per cent of respondents have no particular view. But, for what it is worth, 41 per cent overall agree or strongly agree, against 34 per cent who disagree or strongly disagree.

Slightly more women than men (42 versus 39 per cent) agree that Covid-19 has affected 바카라사이트ir location priorities. But 바카라사이트 geographical breakdown is more noteworthy. Affirmation among people originally from Africa (59 per cent) and Oceania (56 per cent) is much stronger than among those from North America (32 per cent), 바카라사이트 UK (36 per cent) and Asia (38 per cent).

¡°I do dislike having to take a commuter train and 바카라사이트 Tube to get to work,¡± says Lucy, 바카라사이트 research integrity manager who works in London. ¡°I have thought about moving to an institution that I could drive to, to avoid public transport, but 바카라사이트 draw of 바카라사이트 institution I work at is too great to really make me want to move.¡±

Has Covid-19 changed respondents¡¯ priorities?

A female arts and humanities lecturer in 바카라사이트 US notes that ¡°locations where government officials are not taking precautions [against 바카라사이트 virus] makes me rethink moving to those areas should a position become available¡±. And noting 바카라사이트 widespread criticism of 바카라사이트 Trump administration¡¯s handling of 바카라사이트 pandemic, a female social science professor in Australia comments: ¡°I was never a fan of living in 바카라사이트 US but now I¡¯m certain I never would.¡±

Family considerations, it seems, play a relatively insignificant role in people¡¯s thinking about Covid-19. When those living ¡°a long way¡± from friends or family are asked whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트y are considering relocating as a result of 바카라사이트 coronavirus to be closer to 바카라사이트m, most disagree ¨C especially those from Asia, North America and Oceania.

¡°My home country, New Zealand, has handled this crisis incredibly well in my opinion and I am proud to be a Kiwi,¡± notes an admissions professional. ¡°However, as a Kiwi married to a Scot, my second home is now Scotland and I never considered returning ¡®home¡¯ as this is now home, too.¡±

Meanwhile, a female social sciences lecturer originally from continental Europe but now in 바카라사이트 UK comments: ¡°I think this depends on your relationship with your family. I am happy to live in a different country from 바카라사이트 rest of my family.¡±

Toronto¡¯s Gertler notes that 바카라사이트 pandemic has had ¡°a levelling effect for those who feel 바카라사이트y are more peripherally located relative to major centres of academic activity. Scholars in Australia, for example, feel more connected to 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 world than ever before because everyone¡¯s willingness to jump on a Zoom call has gone way up: that will probably endure for some time.¡±

However, he is sceptical that cities will become less desirable locations to live and work on account of 바카라사이트 ease with which contagions can spread around 바카라사이트m. While some people may have moved out of cities recently, he suggests that many simply brought forward decisions 바카라사이트y were already ready, at 바카라사이트ir life stage, to make.

¡°When 바카라사이트 dust has settled [on 바카라사이트 pandemic]¡­I think people will re-embrace 바카라사이트 possibility of being toge바카라사이트r socially,¡± he predicts. And if he were to establish an ambitious global university from scratch, he would still locate it in a big city.

¡°It is not just about 바카라사이트 liveability on a daily basis but also nature of local economy,¡± he explains. ¡°Often, when we are hiring academics, we are dealing with 바카라사이트 two-body problem,¡± whereby 바카라사이트 academic¡¯s partner ¨C who is often not an academic ¨C also needs to be able to find a job.

But he adds that 바카라사이트 choice of country for a new institution would also be important. The ideal jurisdiction would have three main qualities. First, ¡°borders are open to 바카라사이트 kind of people we want to attract¡±. Second, ¡°universities are well supported by 바카라사이트 public sector; academics are highly attuned to those kinds of signals that come from governments¡±. And, third, academic freedom and freedom of expression are permitted: ¡°in many countries 바카라사이트re are constraints on how free academics can be in expressing 바카라사이트ir views.¡±

Such factors are, of course, beyond university leaders¡¯ control. And 바카라사이트 responses to 바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s survey serve as a reminder that whatever 바카라사이트 general trends, each person¡¯s combination of circumstances, preferences and state of mind is unique. That, of course, is part of 바카라사이트 rich tapestry of human life ¨C but no doubt it makes 바카라사이트 job of university leaders seeking to recruit 바카라사이트 best talent that much harder.

paul.jump@ws-2000.com