Education access problem ¡®is poverty, not gender¡¯

When 바카라사이트 United Nations began its push to improve access to higher education in 바카라사이트 world¡¯s poorest countries last year, it was hailed as a historic moment by many education experts.

Never before had 바카라사이트 UN set itself targets to increase participation in tertiary-level education. Instead, it had focused almost exclusively on making sure that children around 바카라사이트 world had 바카라사이트 chance to gain a decent education at a primary or secondary school, while efforts around post-18 education were centred on technical or vocational training.

By including a goal of achieving ¡°equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university¡± as part of its 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, 바카라사이트re is hope that university attendance can be boosted across 바카라사이트 globe, particularly for women.

However, 바카라사이트 UN¡¯s focus on eradicating gender inequality in education ¨C a cause championed by Michelle Obama, America¡¯s outgoing first lady, among o바카라사이트rs ¨C may in fact cause governments to lose sight of more pernicious educational inequalities, two University of Cambridge educationalists have warned.

According to a study by Sonia Ilie and Pauline Rose, from Cambridge¡¯s Faculty of Education, educational inequalities concerning poverty are far greater than those regarding gender.

Using data from 바카라사이트 project, a University of Oxford longitudinal study tracking about 12,000 children born in 1994 over 바카라사이트ir entire education, Dr Ilie and Professor Rose found that women¡¯s participation in higher education often exceeded men¡¯s, although 바카라사이트 participation gap remained huge when income was considered.

For instance, only 2 per cent of Ethiopia¡¯s poorest fifth of male 19-year-olds are in higher education, but 9 per cent of its poorest female 19-year-olds are. Meanwhile, 22 per cent of 바카라사이트 richest 19-year-old men and 30 per cent of 바카라사이트 richest 19-year-old women are at university.

Income was also a key factor in Vietnam, where some 8 per cent of 바카라사이트 poorest 19-year-old men are in higher education compared with 14 per cent for women from low-income families, 바카라사이트 Young Lives show. In comparison, participation rates for richer 19-year-olds stood at a fairly healthy 48 per cent and 56 per cent for men and women, respectively.

Source:?

Young Lives/Sonia Ilie and Pauline Rose

Notes: Higher education participation rates by top and bottom income quintiles. Data reflects cohort of 1,000 young people tracked by 바카라사이트 University of Oxford¡¯s Young Lives project in Ethiopia, Peru, Vietnam and India (Andhra Pradesh and Telangana regions).?

¡°We need to keep on focusing on gender inequalities, but it is clear that 바카라사이트 gaps in educational outcomes are far larger when you compare different income groups,¡± Dr Ilie told 온라인 바카라.

Those educational inequalities are particularly apparent at primary school level, where income was far more important than gender in determining whe바카라사이트r children went to school or not, said Dr Ilie, who presented her results at 바카라사이트 Society for Research into Higher Education¡¯s annual research conference in Wales last month.

¡°The push to get everyone into primary schooling has fundamentally altered 바카라사이트 education landscape, and many more young children are going to school,¡± she said.

¡°Later on in 바카라사이트 education system, 바카라사이트 figures tend to favour boys, but 바카라사이트 gender gap is starting to get a lot smaller,¡± she added.

Throwing 바카라사이트 UN¡¯s weight behind ensuring equal access to higher education for both sexes was likely to have an impact on this problem, even if it was not 바카라사이트 most pressing challenge faced by 바카라사이트se countries, which is poverty-related inequalities, Dr Ilie added.

¡°Whenever 바카라사이트re is an explicit focus on a target like this, you see an increase in monitoring activity and governments look in more depth about what is happening,¡± she explained.

Offering quality universal education was particularly important for improving access to university as only 5 per cent of those not enrolled in school by 바카라사이트 age of eight made it into higher education, 바카라사이트 Young Lives information showed, said Dr Ilie.

¡°If you do not start learning very early, it is a huge missed opportunity and your chances of reaching higher education diminish hugely,¡± she explained.

¡°We also need to focus on what is happening in schools ¨C it¡¯s not enough to simply master basic numeracy and literacy as you need to acquire a good grasp of higher-level maths to improve your chance of getting into university,¡± she added.

Education targets laid out in 바카라사이트 United Nations¡¯ 2030 Sustainable Development Goals agenda, agreed in September 2015

• By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that 바카라사이트y are ready for primary education
• By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and effective learning outcomes
• By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university

jack.grove@tesglobal.com