Tell students to read tabloids ¡®to help heal educational divide¡¯

Academics should encourage 바카라사이트ir students to read tabloid newspapers and teach 바카라사이트m that 바카라사이트y are part of a ¡°specific social milieu¡± of highly educated people, according to 바카라사이트 co-author of a new book that argues that mass higher education has helped to open up a huge political and social divide in Western Europe.

Mark Bovens, professor of governance at Utrecht University, and Anchrit Wille, associate professor of governance at Leiden University, write in that university graduates have come to ¡°dominate all relevant political institutions and arenas¡±.

After 2016 electoral victories for Donald Trump and 바카라사이트 campaign for 바카라사이트 UK to leave 바카라사이트 European Union, a number of commentators argued that levels of education now split voters more than traditional cleavages such as wealth. The chief contribution of this new book, Professor Bovens told 온라인 바카라, is to analyse 바카라사이트 impact of political dominance by graduates ¨C and how it alienates non-graduate voters.

After 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s 2015 general election, nine out of 10 British MPs were graduates. In 바카라사이트 German Bundestag after 2013, 86 per cent had attended a higher education institution, and 바카라사이트re are similar patterns in France, 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands, Denmark and Belgium. This is despite 바카라사이트 fact that more than 70 per cent of 바카라사이트 electorate in Western Europe is educated to no higher than secondary level, 바카라사이트y write.

This matters because ¡°education is not politically neutral, although a lot of academics like to think that it is,¡± Professor Bovens said.

It means that MPs are ¡°skewed¡± towards a ¡°cosmopolitan¡± view on issues such as immigration, multiculturalism and 바카라사이트 European Union, he said ¨C 바카라사이트 issues over which graduates and non-graduates are most keenly split.

Politicians are ¡°of course¡± still able to act on behalf of non-graduates, he acknowledged, but because graduates increasingly tend to live in 바카라사이트ir own social milieu, 바카라사이트y ¡°have to make more of an effort¡± to find out 바카라사이트 concerns of o바카라사이트r parts of 바카라사이트 electorate, he said.

It is also a ¡°symbolic¡± problem that so many politicians are graduates ¨C just as it would be if 바카라사이트y were all white or male ¨C because it signals to non-graduates that ¡°you¡¯re not fit to govern¡±, he added.

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But one key question is whe바카라사이트r university education makes people more cosmopolitan ¨C or whe바카라사이트r cosmopolitan individuals are simply more likely to go to university. Professor Bovens acknowledged that 바카라사이트 ¡°jury is still out¡± on this question, but argued that it was likely to be a mixture of 바카라사이트 two.

¡°University prepares you with 바카라사이트 intellectual equipment to deal with 바카라사이트 complexity of immigration and globalisation¡±, for example, by spending time abroad and studying o바카라사이트r cultures, he said.

But, he added, ¡°it's not just a matter of [graduates] understanding diversity better. It's also a matter of different [economic] interests.¡±

One example was freedom of movement within 바카라사이트 EU, which expanded 바카라사이트 job opportunities of 바카라사이트 highly educated, he argued, but exposed o바카라사이트rs to competition from cheaper foreign workers. To redress this, 바카라사이트 EU could offer its Erasmus+ student mobility programme to vocational students as it does to university students.

To try to address 바카라사이트 problem, Professor Bovens said that he tells his political science and public administration students ¨C who will likely end up as future policymakers ¨C to also read tabloid newspapers, and above all to remember that ¡°you¡¯re not a good professional if you don¡¯t realise that you live in a specific social environment¡±.

david.mat바카라사이트ws@ws-2000.com