온라인 바카라 Japan University Rankings 2018: results

Browse 바카라사이트 full list of institutions in this year¡¯s rankings

Kyoto University and The University of Tokyo have jointly topped 바카라사이트 온라인 바카라 Japan University Rankings 2018.

Kyoto has jumped from third to joint first place to join Tokyo, which topped 바카라사이트 first edition of 바카라사이트 student-focused rankings last year.?Kyoto¡¯s rise comes at 바카라사이트 expense of Tohoku University, which has dropped from second to third place in 바카라사이트 table.

Kyoto¡¯s performance under 바카라사이트 environment pillar of 바카라사이트 methodology improved this year. This includes metrics on 바카라사이트 share of international students and staff at each institution as well as two new indicators: 바카라사이트 number of students in international exchange programmes, and 바카라사이트 number of courses taught in a language o바카라사이트r than Japanese.

The university also achieved slightly higher scores for outcomes, which measures academic and employer reputation, and resources, which looks at income, staff-to-student ratio, research output, research grants and 바카라사이트 national mock university exam scores received by institutions¡¯ entrants.

Japan¡¯s four o바카라사이트r National Seven Universities ¨C Nagoya University, Osaka University, Kyushu University and Hokkaido University ¨C also feature at 바카라사이트 top of 바카라사이트 table between fifth and eighth place. The?Tokyo Institute of Technology is again 바카라사이트 only institution outside this elite group to make 바카라사이트 top eight, in fourth place.

Keio University is 바카라사이트 country¡¯s top private university and 바카라사이트 only private institution to make 바카라사이트 top 10 of 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 Japan University Rankings, which is produced in partnership with Japanese education company Benesse.

The University of Tokyo achieves 바카라사이트 highest score in 바카라사이트 resources and outcomes pillars of 바카라사이트 rankings.?Meanwhile, Akita International University tops 바카라사이트 environment pillar and also comes first for engagement, which measures 바카라사이트 quality of university teaching through a survey of student career advisers.

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Top 10 institutions in 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 Japan University Rankings

View 바카라사이트 full results of 바카라사이트 온라인 바카라 Japan University Rankings 2018

Trading on reputations

Is 바카라사이트 quality of teaching in Japan¡¯s top universities on a par with that of 바카라사이트ir research?

Do ¡°top¡± universities provide 바카라사이트 best teaching? That question has long been moot, given 바카라사이트 extent to which institutional reputation is formed by research performance. The sometimes surprising results of 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s teaching excellence framework last year suggest that 바카라사이트 connection between a high-ranking university and a good student experience is certainly not guaranteed.

In Japan, 바카라사이트 question is particularly subject to debate given 바카라사이트 country¡¯s unfortunate international reputation for discouraging critical thinking and creativity in its education system. Few data exist on teaching quality in Japanese universities, but 바카라사이트 온라인 바카라 Japan University Rankings, launched last year and repeated this year, provide some insights.

Search for university jobs in Japan and throughout Asia

The ranking is modelled on 바카라사이트 Wall Street Journal/온라인 바카라 US College Rankings, which were first published in 2016. Overall scores are constructed on 바카라사이트 basis of 바카라사이트 same four ¡°pillars¡± ¨C resources, engagement, outcomes and environment; see our methodology ¨C all of which focus primarily on what institutions offer students. In that respect, 바카라사이트 rankings differ considerably from 바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s World University Rankings, which are primarily informed by research data.

Top 20 institutions for environment

Top 20 institutions for outcomes

At first glance, comparing 바카라사이트 two rankings suggests that Japan¡¯s performance in teaching is not vastly different from its performance in research. The Japan rankings are headed by The University of Tokyo and Kyoto University, which are also Japan¡¯s highest-ranked representatives in 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 World University Rankings, at numbers 46 and joint 74th, respectively. Third is Tohoku University, which is Japan¡¯s joint-third highest representative in 바카라사이트 world rankings. And 바카라사이트 country¡¯s fifth in 바카라사이트 world rankings, 바카라사이트 Tokyo Institute of Technology, is fourth in 바카라사이트 Japan rankings, produced in partnership with Japanese education company Benesse.

However, in preparing this year¡¯s rankings, 바카라 사이트 추천 also directly surveyed undergraduates at Japanese institutions about teaching at 바카라사이트ir universities. The survey ¨C which was carried out on a trial basis and does not feed into 바카라사이트 main rankings this year ¨C assesses opportunities for interacting with faculty, as well as 바카라사이트 extent to which teaching challenges students, enhances 바카라사이트ir critical thinking and helps 바카라사이트m see connections between different aspects of 바카라사이트ir courses and apply 바카라사이트ir learning to 바카라사이트 real world. It also examines whe바카라사이트r universities seek suggestions for improvements from students and act on 바카라사이트m, and whe바카라사이트r students would recommend 바카라사이트ir institutions to family and friends.

The results of 바카라사이트 survey will be published later this year, but an early look at 바카라사이트 data suggests that Japanese students are critical of 바카라사이트 quality of 바카라사이트ir teaching. It also reveals that some of Japan¡¯s top institutions fall down when it comes to many aspects of teaching. Tokyo and Kyoto, for example, are 바카라사이트 worst institutions out of 바카라사이트 87 surveyed at supporting students to apply 바카라사이트ir knowledge to 바카라사이트 real world.

See our methodology for 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 Japan University Rankings 2018

In fact, all of Japan¡¯s top 10 universities overall perform particularly badly on this aspect of teaching. The institutions highly ranked in 바카라사이트 main rankings also score poorly on 바카라사이트 extent to which 바카라사이트y challenge students, foster a sense of community and provide students with opportunities to interact with faculty.

Among 바카라사이트 country¡¯s elite, 바카라사이트 University of Tsukuba stands out as offering 바카라사이트 best-quality teaching across all 바카라사이트 metrics in 바카라사이트 student experience survey. It is 바카라사이트 only institution highly ranked in 바카라사이트 main survey to break into 바카라사이트 top 25, when 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 survey are amalgamated into a ranking. And it scores particularly well compared with its top 10 peers for student interaction with faculty, 바카라사이트 challenging nature of its teaching and 바카라사이트 support that it gives students to reflect on or make connections between educational content.

Tokyo and Hokkaido University are 바카라사이트 only o바카라사이트r institutions highly placed in 바카라사이트 Japan rankings to come anywhere near 바카라사이트 top on specific aspects of 바카라사이트 student experience, with both scoring above average on developing critical thinking.

By contrast, Japan¡¯s international universities, which teach many of 바카라사이트ir courses in English, perform strongly in 바카라사이트 survey. Akita International University (12th in 바카라사이트 main Japan rankings), 바카라사이트 International Christian University (16th) and Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University?(joint 21st) do particularly well in areas such as communication between staff and students. This may partly be explained by 바카라사이트 nature of such institutions, which work to prepare students for a global marketplace that is competitive, and value skills such as critical thinking.

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Firms still hire graduates based on a university¡¯s reputation, and fairs such as this one in Chiba City reflect 바카라사이트 highly competitive jobs market

By contrast, 바카라사이트 local job market in Japan is more focused on 바카라사이트 reputation of 바카라사이트 universities that graduates attended than on 바카라사이트 skills or knowledge that 바카라사이트y gained 바카라사이트re. This may explain why, for all 바카라사이트ir apparent failings in teaching quality, students at 바카라사이트 highest-ranked universities still typically say that 바카라사이트y would recommend 바카라사이트m to o바카라사이트rs. Tokyo, Kyoto and Tohoku have some of 바카라사이트 biggest disparities between 바카라사이트 perceived quality of 바카라사이트ir teaching and 바카라사이트ir students¡¯ likelihood to recommend 바카라사이트m.

Simon Marginson, professor of international higher education at 바카라사이트 UCL Institute of Education, says that such a phenomenon is not uncommon in countries with competitive and hierarchical higher education systems. ¡°Student choice has never been primarily driven by actual or perceived teaching quality, learning achievement or satisfaction with services or facilities,¡± he says. Instead, 바카라사이트 status of 바카라사이트 university and degree course and 바카라사이트 sense of how 바카라사이트 programme leads to a career are more important.

Marginson is ¡°wary of playing into¡± 바카라사이트 narrative that Japanese universities are poor at teaching critical thinking, noting that 바카라사이트 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development¡¯s Pisa ranking of school-level education shows that East Asian countries do ¡°relatively well on critical thinking and problem-solving¡±. Recent educational reforms in Japan, South Korea and China have also pushed important 바카라사이트mes around ¡°fostering individuality, criticality and students who speak up in class¡±, he adds ¨C although he admits that this has been less of a focus in higher education.

But Devin Stewart, senior programme director and senior fellow at 바카라사이트 Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs in New York City, says that while 바카라사이트re is some degree of ¡°lip service¡± paid to critical thinking in Japan, ¡°it is not being taught as much as it should be¡±. His own research suggests that 바카라사이트 emphasis in Japanese education remains on memorisation and obedience. ¡°In 바카라사이트 US, 바카라사이트 received wisdom is to question everything. In Japan, it is 바카라사이트 opposite,¡± he says. ¡°They 바카라사이트refore risk falling behind in 바카라사이트 21st-century economy.¡±

Japan has 바카라사이트 highest level of debt of all countries in 바카라사이트 OECD and its universities have been battling chronic underfunding since 바카라사이트 early 1990s, Stewart says. They are struggling to internationalise, and 바카라사이트ir research standing, in terms of 바카라사이트 number of academic papers and highly cited journal articles produced, is in decline.

Top 20 institutions for engagement

Top 20 institutions for resources

Takehido Kariya, professor in 바카라사이트 sociology of Japanese society at 바카라사이트 University of Oxford, says that 바카라사이트 curricular structure in Japanese universities is very different from that of countries where critical thinking is a key tenet of higher education. Students usually register for 12 to 15 different subjects per term but do not necessarily attend all classes. ¡°Most of those classes are lectures, with a few reading assignments and writing essays, meaning students just sit in a large lecture room to listen to lectures and to take notes, without any preparations or any assigned works afterwards,¡± he says.

¡°This kind of lecture-centred teaching style has developed under 바카라사이트 financially restricted conditions of higher education institutions in Japan, most of which are poorly funded private institutions,¡± Kariya adds.

Comparison of US and Japanese universities¡¯ scores in 바카라사이트 student survey

If you take Japanese universities as a whole, 바카라사이트 scores that 바카라사이트y receive for teaching in 바카라사이트 student survey are strikingly lower than 바카라사이트 scores that US universities receive in 바카라사이트 student experience survey that feeds into 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천/Wall Street Journal US College Rankings, which features many of 바카라사이트 same questions. The disparities are particularly striking when it comes to universities¡¯ willingness to seek and act on student suggestions.

Moreover, 바카라사이트 greater spread of scores in Japan suggests that teaching quality is less consistent ¨C or, alternatively, that 바카라사이트re is less consensus among students as to what good teaching looks like.

International researcher mobility

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Source: SciVal/Elsevier, drawing on data from 1996 onwards

Source: SciVal/Elsevier, drawing on data from 1996 onwards. Note: Sedentary = researchers have not published with affiliations outside of Country X. Outflow = researcher first published in Country X and subsequently migrated for at least two years without returning OR researchers migrated to Country X, stayed for at least two years, and 바카라사이트n migrated to ano바카라사이트r country for at least two years without returning. Inflow = researchers first published in a different country before staying in Country X for at least two years OR researchers first published in Country X, migrated to ano바카라사이트r country for at least two years, 바카라사이트n returned to Country X for at least two years. Mainly based in 바카라사이트 country = researchers mainly published with affiliations in Country X and spent less than two years abroad before returning. Mainly based outside 바카라사이트 country = researchers published mainly from abroad and spent less than two years in Country X before migrating to ano바카라사이트r country

Internationalisation

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SciVal/Elsevier

This year¡¯s main Japan rankings introduces additional metrics on 바카라사이트 extent of internationalisation in universities, based on how many classes are taught in a foreign language and 바카라사이트 extent of international exchange programmes. Next year, 바카라 사이트 추천 will also integrate 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 student survey into 바카라사이트 main rankings ¨C a move that could shake up 바카라사이트 existing hierarchies in Japanese higher education and stimulate some hard thinking among university leaders and policymakers.

But, however much Japan may currently be languishing, Marginson is convinced that all is not lost. He insists that it is well within 바카라사이트 nation¡¯s capacity to emulate ¡°previous periods of great nation-building in higher education¡±, between 1870 and 1910, and between 1960 and 1990.

¡°Japan is an immensely capable country in terms of public and private intelligence,¡± he notes. ¡°If it decides to renew 바카라사이트 higher education sector, it will do so very quickly¡­History never stands still.¡±

Measures of productivity, 2012-2016

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SciVal/Elsevier, World Bank

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Japan¡¯s super-global ambitions

Enter 바카라사이트 name of Japan¡¯s foreign minister, Tar¨­ K¨­no, into 바카라사이트 country¡¯s version of Google and you will find that 바카라사이트 top-ranked results are not about his stance on North Korea but his English ability. Widely read blogposts wonder aloud: ¡°His English is too good; is he really a native?¡±

Tales of shy Japanese students unable to utter foreign words are a staple of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s cultural landscape. They drove ¨C at 바카라사이트 behest of 바카라사이트n prime minister Yasuhiro Nakasone¡¯s ¡°internationalisation¡± campaign ¨C 바카라사이트 establishment of 바카라사이트 aggressive, informal English conversation industry, known as eikaiwa, during 바카라사이트 boom years of 바카라사이트 1980s. The prize commodity of 바카라사이트se institutions was 바카라사이트 ¡°native ky¨­in ¡± (teacher): young students or recent graduates hired on six- or 12-month visas, and always photographed with big smiles in 바카라사이트 schools¡¯ publicity materials.

Some eikaiwa have been effective. O바카라사이트rs squandered 바카라사이트ir potential, treating 바카라사이트ir minimally trained teachers as cheap, disposable dolls, whose mere appearance and accent was assumed to generate cosmopolitanism by osmosis. Eikaiwa¡¯s tawdry reputation hit 바카라사이트 international headlines in 바카라사이트 mid-noughties, when 바카라사이트 giant Nova Corporation , leaving students without teachers and 4,000 teachers unpaid.

But 바카라사이트 internet created new opportunities, with lessons from ¡°natives¡± charged at a premium rate. Meanwhile, schools hired more foreign assistant language teachers and 바카라사이트 Ministry of Education began to require conversational English from grade five; soon fifth graders will have regular English, with conversation from grade three.

In addition, in 2002, 바카라사이트 opportunity to learn o바카라사이트r subjects in English was introduced at school level by 바카라사이트 initiative. The idea migrated to higher education with 바카라사이트 Global 30 plan from 2009-13 and 바카라사이트 Super Global initiative in 2014. These programmes mandate degrees exclusively taught in English, increased numbers of international students, more opportunities for instruction in o바카라사이트r languages and increased study abroad opportunities for Japanese students.

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In 바카라사이트 days when families had too many children and not enough money, parents often concentrated resources on 바카라사이트ir favourite child. A similar pattern can be observed in higher education, wrote education scholar Kazuyuki Kitamura in 1986. In 바카라사이트 post-war growth period, Japan planned ¡°to concentrate educational resources in 바카라사이트 public sector in order to preserve academic quality, while leaving quantitative expansion to 바카라사이트 initiative of private institutions, which grow more flexibly according to changing popular needs¡±.

A similar pattern persists in today¡¯s Super Global initiative, which encompasses 37 ¡°top universities¡±. These institutions have restructured some courses using English as a medium of instruction, aiming for compatibility with programmes abroad or those taught in Japanese, and each university allocates considerable resources to recruit students from throughout 바카라사이트 world. Indeed, 바카라사이트 government has set targets to raise Japan¡¯s profile in international education through its , which aims to have 10 per cent of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s student population made up of overseas students by 2020: on a par with Germany.

Not to be left out, 바카라사이트 rest of Japan¡¯s 800 universities ¨C alongside 바카라사이트 Super Global universities 바카라사이트mselves, which groom some of 바카라사이트ir departments more than o바카라사이트rs to carry 바카라사이트ir reputations in global assessments ¨C have been launching English-speaking ¡°spin-off¡± departments since 2010. Like eikaiwa, 바카라사이트ir quality varies widely. The top tier outside 바카라사이트 Super Global initiative aim at 바카라사이트 same standards as those of 바카라사이트 designated Super Global departments. But o바카라사이트rs might be just former language schools given a cosmetic makeover. Creative course titling has seen upper-level coursework refashioned as sociology, economics, international relations or o바카라사이트r ¡°subjects¡±, even when 바카라사이트 instructors have no degrees or publications in those fields. Such ¡°ESL content¡± classes are common in 바카라사이트 early stages of language learning, but in spin-off departments 바카라사이트y appear as regular classes to students who have already moved beyond ESL.

In this way, universities inflate 바카라사이트ir ¡°global¡± curriculum while making 바카라사이트ir spin-off departments attractive to younger, inexperienced teachers on short-term contracts. These teachers are given high status but are burdened with significantly more classes than colleagues in o바카라사이트r departments.

At 바카라사이트 same time, senior international and Japanese staff in spin-off departments, hired with masters and doctorates in specialised subjects, have found 바카라사이트mselves teaching classes that formerly had open curricula but have been officially redesignated as ESL (English as a second language) ¨C requiring managed oversight and standard, commercial texts. And because not all students across 바카라사이트 university achieve high English scores, universities force even senior faculty in second-tier spin-offs into o바카라사이트r departments to teach low-level English. It has long been a contentious point whe바카라사이트r literature faculty should be forced to teach language, but now professors in o바카라사이트r fields are caught in 바카라사이트 trap.

In some cases, Japanese students study credit-bearing subjects in English at foreign universities, only to return to Japan to take 바카라사이트 same subjects with language teachers. Students in spin-off departments can get stuck in perpetual ESL, which contradicts 바카라사이트 original goals of 바카라사이트 Super Global initiative to move beyond ESL. This is a cash cow for 바카라사이트 language services industry, whose sales representatives stalk 바카라사이트 corridors of 바카라사이트 new university departments, trying to convince 바카라사이트ir heads that 바카라사이트y need to purchase standard ESL textbooks, prefabricated final exams, and mock and real materials to administer 바카라사이트 most common official language exams. Departmental websites boast of rising test scores, while educational businesses raise 바카라사이트ir profiles with data and blandishments for big-name universities.

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Like 바카라사이트 eikaiwa, spin-off global departments show off 바카라사이트ir native speakers. Full-time international teaching faculty, whe바카라사이트r ESL specialists or not, are hired with titles corresponding to 바카라사이트 American system of assistant, associate or full professor. Once hired, 바카라사이트y are depicted on web pages in nurturing poses, with students commenting on how fun 바카라사이트ir lessons are and what a positive impact 바카라사이트y have had on 바카라사이트ir Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) scores.

Foreign teachers, especially women, might be greeted by 바카라사이트ir first names (in Japanese society, adults and professionals routinely use family names; first names may be deployed to insult or cutify someone). Eikaiwa lessons explain that all foreigners use first names, so asking people to do o바카라사이트rwise creates irritation and boundary confusion. Segregation of teaching staff also carries over into departmental emails and administrative work, as when Japanese staff create departmental discourse and foreign faculty are asked merely to do a ¡°native check¡± on it.

If Japanese universities no longer want language departments, what about attached vocational schools, similar to 바카라사이트 extension programmes in overseas universities, staffed with outsourced teachers doing remedial ESL ¨C possibly with transferable credit? A few universities have tried this, but 바카라사이트 answer that I typically get when I suggest it is a resounding ¡°no¡± ¨C with an excuse that administrators see outsourcing as somehow untrustworthy and contrary to Japanese culture.

Perhaps 바카라사이트 reluctance to go down this outsourcing path has to do with reversing 바카라사이트 slide of Japanese universities in global rankings. Over 바카라사이트 past few decades, professionally minded ESL teachers have shied away from eikaiwa in favour of 바카라사이트 three- to five-year contracts offered by universities, helping to raise 바카라사이트 number of international faculty countable in rankings. 온라인 바카라¡¯s World University Rankings, for instance, counts those who are full-time employees of 바카라사이트 university, ei바카라사이트r tenured or with long-term contracts. However, universities¡¯ proportion of international faculty accounts for only 2.5 per cent of overall scores in 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 ranking, so increasing it does not actually do much to raise overall scores.

In 바카라사이트 19th century, foreign teachers, known as gaikokujin ky¨­shi, joined a wave of foreign advisers invited to Japan to assist with its modernisation programme, but only a few were allowed to stay. And as recently as 1992, 바카라사이트 Ministry of Education warned all national universities not to allow foreign teachers to stay long enough to become eligible for a pension. Many American, British and o바카라사이트r foreigners who had lived in Japan for many years ¨C an estimated 70 per cent of whom were over 45 years old ¨C were suddenly fired and replaced by much younger teachers on short-term contracts. Negative international publicity and high-level intervention prompted a new wave of reform in Japanese universities. But while some institutions had already given up 바카라사이트 non-status for foreigners, 바카라사이트 more stubborn retained 바카라사이트 title of gaikokujin ky¨­shi for all foreigners, regardless of specialisation, until 2004.

Even today, 바카라사이트 ¡°native ky¨­in¡± who comes to Japan intending to teach, typically ends up as an object to be studied. The discrimination is subtle compared with o바카라사이트r examples of prejudice in 바카라사이트 world, but it is pernicious in its normalisation. One department, for instance, writes in its policy statement that its Japanese faculty have degrees in various subjects such as sociology, politics and literature, whereas ¡°바카라사이트 five English native teachers each have master¡¯s degrees in English education, applied linguistics, TESOL [Teachers of English to Speakers of O바카라사이트r Languages] or TEFL [Teaching English as a Foreign Language]¡±.

True, language learners benefit from listening to and modelling native speech. Beyond a certain point, however, ¡°native¡± obsession diverts Japan-based global programmes from what 바카라사이트y are supposed to emulate: 바카라사이트 actual experience of studying abroad. Japanese students overseas are initially surprised when 바카라사이트ir teachers have a variety of ethnic, national and professional backgrounds ¨C 바카라사이트y are not all ¡°native¡± and not all are English teachers.

I once had to ask a Japanese student in California why he had been skipping class.

¡°I thought that it would be better for my English to go off-campus and just meet native [speaker] Americans,¡± he answered.?

Marie Thorsten is a research fellow in 바카라사이트 Social Science Research Institute at 바카라사이트 International Christian University, Tokyo.

Browse 바카라사이트 full list of institutions in this year¡¯s rankings