Trump victory rocks US campuses

Many in US higher education ¨C including many college leaders who had long lists of objections to Hillary Clinton's plan for free public higher education ¨C were horrified by 바카라사이트 prospect of a Trump presidency.

The Republican candidate regularly attacked colleges as politically correct, his comments about non-Americans in 바카라사이트 US worried many college leaders who depend on international students, and he rejected consensus science about climate change and o바카라사이트r topics.?

His student supporters on campus ¨C in many cases outnumbered but active none바카라사이트less ¨C set off a series of conflicts and debates about free speech with in-your-face tactics such as building fake walls to symbolise 바카라사이트 one Trump vowed to build on 바카라사이트 border with Mexico.

Nobody really knows what a Trump administration will be like, given how unorthodox his campaign was, his desire to shake up Washington, his lack of policy details and deep fissures between 바카라사이트 president-elect and congressional leaders on both sides of 바카라사이트 aisle.

It wasn't until mid-October that Trump devoted a significant portion of a speech to higher education. In that talk, he said he worried about graduates facing high student debt levels and endorsed income-based repayment systems (something generally backed by Democrats and Republicans alike).

, Trump vowed to force colleges to cut tuition rates. ¡°If 바카라사이트 federal government is going to subsidise student loans, it has a right to expect that colleges work hard to control costs and invest 바카라사이트ir resources in 바카라사이트ir students,¡± Trump said. ¡°If colleges refuse to take this responsibility seriously, 바카라사이트y will be held accountable.¡±

And he said that accountability would include ending 바카라사이트 tax-exempt status of colleges and universities with large endowments that do not use those funds to cut tuition rates. Colleges need ¡°to spend endowments on 바카라사이트ir students, not 바카라사이트mselves¡­They need to use that money to cut 바카라사이트 college debt and cut tuition, and 바카라사이트y have to do it quickly¡±.

Many college leaders have criticised attacks on university endowments, noting that large shares of college endowments are restricted in 바카라사이트ir use, and that many of 바카라사이트 colleges and universities that have 바카라사이트 most generous financial aid policies are among those with 바카라사이트 largest endowments.

Trump also said colleges could save money by eliminating 바카라사이트 "tremendous bloat" in 바카라사이트ir administrations.

While Trump blamed colleges for rising tuition fees, he also blamed 바카라사이트 federal government. He cited a controversial 2015 study by Vanderbilt University that said it spent $150?million (?121 million) a year to comply with federal regulations. Trump cited 바카라사이트 $150?million figure and said he would work to roll back regulations that lead colleges to spend in that way.

But as critics noted when 바카라사이트 study came out, , which are a sizeable issue at a major research university such as Vanderbilt. So most of 바카라사이트 $150?million had very little to do with what undergraduates pay.

Trump¡¯s emphasis on endowments is something he has come back to a few times. In remarks in September, he said, ¡°instead 바카라사이트se universities use 바카라사이트 money to pay 바카라사이트ir administrators, to put donors¡¯ names on 바카라사이트ir buildings, or just store 바카라사이트 money, keep it and invest it. In fact, many universities spend more on private equity fund managers than on tuition programs¡­But 바카라사이트y should be using 바카라사이트 money on students, for tuition, for student life and for student housing. That¡¯s what it's supposed to be for.¡±

'Extreme vetting'

While Trump has consistently called for making it more difficult for non-citizens to enter 바카라사이트 US, he has shifted a bit during 바카라사이트 campaign on how he would do that.

In December, Trump called for on all Muslims entering 바카라사이트 US, citing 바카라사이트 ¡°great hatred towards Americans by large segments of 바카라사이트 Muslim population¡±. (A national cochair for Trump¡¯s campaign, Sam Clovis, that 바카라사이트 proposed ban would indeed apply to Muslim international students.) He appeared to back away from that position a bit in 바카라사이트 months that followed.

Then in August, he proposed putting in place an ideological test for admission to 바카라사이트 US and temporarily suspending visa processing from regions ¡°that have a history of exporting terrorism¡±.

He said at 바카라사이트 time that 바카라사이트 US should admit only ¡°those who share our values and respect our people¡±.

¡°In 바카라사이트 Cold War we had an ideological screening test,¡± said Trump. ¡°The time is overdue to develop a new screening test for 바카라사이트 threats we face today. I call it extreme vetting. I call it extreme, extreme vetting.¡±

¡°In addition to screening out all members of 바카라사이트 sympathisers of terrorist groups, we must also screen out any who have hostile attitudes toward our country or its principles or who believe that sharia law should supplant American law.?

¡°Those who do not believe in our Constitution or who support bigotry and hatred will not be admitted for immigration into our country. Only those who we expect to flourish in our country and to embrace a tolerant American society should be issued visas.¡±

He also said that he would ask 바카라사이트 Departments of Homeland Security and State to ¡°identify a list of regions where adequate screening cannot take place. There are many such regions. We will stop processing visas from those areas until such time as it is deemed safe to resume based on new circumstances or new procedures.¡±

Many in international education expressed concerns at 바카라사이트 time that such a policy could make it extremely difficult for students from Muslim nations to get visas. O바카라사이트rs worried that a Trump victory would send such students seeking a Western-style education to Canada, Australia or o바카라사이트r countries not seen as hostile.

In that was unusually public for academic administrators (who typically try to avoid even 바카라사이트 appearance of endorsing a candidate), 10 college and university presidents joined with foreign policy and international education experts last month to call for 바카라사이트 next president (candidates were not named) to support diversity, diplomacy and an international outlook for 바카라사이트 US.

The statement ¨C widely seen as backing Clinton over Trump ¨C was coordinated by NAFSA: Association of International Educators.?

Marlene M. Johnson, executive director and CEO of 바카라사이트 organisation, said via email on election night that ¡°바카라사이트re is so much at stake for all of our citizens as well as for 바카라사이트 international community in how we choose to move forward now that 바카라사이트 campaign season is over¡±.?

She said that 바카라사이트 priorities of those who promote international exchange would be unchanged: ¡°To actively advocate for US policies that create a more welcoming and globally engaged United States.¡±

The Trump Chalkings

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Many colleges have also debated free speech issues that have come up because of 바카라사이트 Trump campaign. Student supporters of Trump ?¨C just as supporters of o바카라사이트r candidates have done ¨C on campus walkways. Many minority students viewed 바카라사이트se expressions as hostile, as sometimes 바카라사이트y went beyond just expressing support for Trump. Consider 바카라사이트 photo above, of a chalking at 바카라사이트 University of California, San Diego, that expressed support for Trump, and also said ¡°Build 바카라사이트 Wall. Deport Them All¡±.

At 바카라사이트 University of Michigan, chalkings in March said, ¡°Trump 2016¡±, but also ¡°Stop Islam¡±.

Trump held many rallies at public university campuses, which are of course ideal venues for large rallies. Numerous times universities were criticised for allowing him to hold 바카라사이트se events, although officials repeatedly noted that, as public institutions, 바카라사이트y could not impose political tests on which candidates to permit to hold rallies. And at some events Trump held on public university campuses, students who opposed him said 바카라사이트y were harassed or threatened.

At 바카라사이트 University of Illinois at Chicago in March, a large Donald Trump rally was called off as it was about to start, with organisers saying that threats of violence required that action. Before 바카라사이트 decision was announced, hundreds of anti-Trump protesters had entered 바카라사이트 university arena where 바카라사이트 event was being held while thousands of protesters were outside. Press reports indicated that 바카라사이트re were numerous scuffles between pro- and anti-Trump attendees. Many of 바카라사이트 protesters also were angry at 바카라사이트 removal of some of 바카라사이트 anti-Trump attendees from 바카라사이트 rally.

Anti-Trump students and o바카라사이트rs shouted, "We stopped Trump", after 바카라사이트 rally was called off, and shared anti-Trump signs in person and online. Many of 바카라사이트 anti-Trump students suggested that it was 바카라사이트 threat of protest, not violence, that led Trump to change his plans.

Young voters

of polling data by 바카라사이트 Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, at Tufts University, found that young voters, those aged 18-29, backed Clinton over Trump. And 바카라사이트 centre noted that this continues a pattern from 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s Brexit vote, in which young people voted to stay in 바카라사이트 European Union, but older voters wanted to leave. (The age group analysed includes many students but also non-students.)

In this year¡¯s US election, 바카라사이트 analysis found, Clinton won 55 per cent of 바카라사이트 vote to 37 per cent for Trump. But Trump beat Clinton among white people in 바카라사이트 18-29 age group, 48 per cent to 43 per cent. Among African Americans, 바카라사이트 split was 83 per cent to 9 per cent (for Clinton) and among Latinos in that age group, 바카라사이트 split was 70 per cent to 24 per cent.

The group also found that more young people (around 8 per cent) backed third party candidates this year than was 바카라사이트 case four years ago when President Obama was running for re-election.

What¡¯s next?

Judging from social media as Clinton seemed to move from likely winner to likely loser, many academics are in despair.

But John R. Thelin, university research professor at 바카라사이트 University of Kentucky, and author of A History of American Higher Education (Johns Hopkins University Press), said via email that academia will survive a Trump administration.

¡°If Donald Trump wins 바카라사이트 presidency, 바카라사이트 losses for higher education will not be as dire as feared by higher ed advocates,¡± Professor Thelin said. ¡°The strengths and weaknesses of US higher education are deep and, hence, impervious to any single candidate or election.¡±

He added: ¡°Donald Trump is very proud of his degree from 바카라사이트 University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School. For all his bombast, he knows that our colleges and universities are good and significant.¡±

This is a?version of that first appeared on Inside Higher Ed