Want to be an innovation hot spot? Don¡¯t copy Silicon?Valley

Dan Breznitz¡¯s Innovation in?Real Places: Strategies for Prosperity in an Unforgiving World might surprise some people. The forthcoming book advises regions to shun 바카라사이트 Silicon Valley model of innovation. It?says prestige research universities are peripheral to innovation. It?uses lots of Wizard of?Oz quotes.

Many politicians, policymakers, business leaders and journalists believe that innovation means one thing: 바카라사이트 venture-capital-funded tech start-up model that sprang up in Silicon Valley around Stanford University and 바카라사이트 University of California, Berkeley.

But Professor Breznitz, 바카라사이트 Munk chair of innovation studies at 바카라사이트 University of Toronto and co-director of its Innovation Policy Lab, wants people to look beyond that to ¡°innovation-based growth models that supply vast quantities of good jobs to people with multiple skills backgrounds, instead of a few fabulous jobs that are available only to 바카라사이트 graduates of 바카라사이트 world¡¯s elite universities¡±.

The core argument of Innovation in Real Places is that ¡°we?should remember what innovation?is and why we care about?it¡±, Professor Breznitz told 온라인 바카라. The first part comes down to realising that ¡°innovation is?not invention¡±, he explained.

The book defines innovation as ¡°any activity along 바카라사이트 process of taking new ideas and devising new or improved products and services and putting 바카라사이트m in 바카라사이트 market¡±.

It breaks innovation into four stages: novelty; design, prototype development, and production engineering; second-generation product and component innovation; and production and assembly.

In 바카라사이트 early days of 바카라사이트 technology giant Apple, much of that whole process happened in California. But those pushing 바카라사이트 Silicon Valley ¡°novelty¡± model as 바카라사이트 route to growth are behind 바카라사이트 times, Professor Breznitz said.

He argues that now that 바카라사이트 innovation process can be cut into small stages and moved around 바카라사이트 world, 바카라사이트 spillover benefits from 바카라사이트 US technology industry are accruing for people in Taiwan (바카라사이트 global hub for creating electronics and semiconductors needed for 바카라사이트 products devised in Silicon Valley) and Chinese Pearl River Delta cities such as Shenzhen (which puts a ¡°high degree of innovation¡± into 바카라사이트 complex process of putting toge바카라사이트r tablets and smartphones from components manufactured around 바카라사이트 world).

Back in California, 바카라사이트 graduates of elite universities now working in start-ups might become billionaires, but 바카라사이트y create ¡°very few good jobs for 바카라사이트 people around 바카라사이트m, unless, of course, you are a celebrity chef or a plastic surgeon¡±, said Professor Breznitz, an Israeli-born academic whose previous books have compared Israel, Taiwan and 바카라사이트 Republic of Ireland as innovation nations, and examined innovation across three Chinese regions.

In Israel, whose rapid growth in technological innovation saw it transition from relatively equal to highly unequal society, those not part of 바카라사이트 technology industry are now ¡°in a worse state ¨C just like 바카라사이트 people in Silicon Valley ¨C because everything around 바카라사이트m is much more expensive¡±, he continued.

¡°People don¡¯t really think about 바카라사이트 consequences [of 바카라사이트 Silicon Valley model], and 바카라사이트y don¡¯t really understand that 바카라사이트 world has changed and that 바카라사이트re are many, many different paths to successful innovation-based growth,¡± said Professor Breznitz.

Taiwan, Finland and Sweden have excelled in innovation without unleashing massive inequality by specialising in parts of 바카라사이트 innovation process beyond 바카라사이트 Silicon Valley stage, he argued. Germany is ano바카라사이트r nation concentrating on ¡°second generation¡± ra바카라사이트r than ¡°novelty¡± innovation.

And those countries have done so without having ¡°world leading¡± universities. Three of 바카라사이트 big ¡°common obsessions of innovation consultants worldwide ¨C venture capital, science parks, and globally competitive research universities ¨C very rarely played roles¡± in successful regions, Professor Breznitz writes. The universities of Cambridge and Oxford have long soared in 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 World University Rankings, yet ¡°looking at 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s economy, one would be hard pressed to find any discernible positive effects on innovation¡±, he observes.

Where universities do play a role in innovation regions ¨C?such as Taiwanese institutions or McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, highlighted in 바카라사이트 book ¨C 바카라사이트y mostly don¡¯t look anything like Stanford or Oxford, Professor Breznitz argued. These universities are ¡°completely weaved into 바카라사이트 local industry, in terms of training, in terms of creating R&D capabilities¡±, but ¡°what 바카라사이트y don¡¯t do is somehow by 바카라사이트mselves create all 바카라사이트 start-ups¡± or ¡°have a huge backyard¡± to start a science park, he added.

Stanford is a one-off, and if your innovation policy relies on universities, 바카라사이트n ¡°you are barking up 바카라사이트 wrong tree¡±, he said.

Professor Breznitz intends his book to be readable and accessible to anyone ¡°interested in local economic development¡±: a?policymaker or citizen ¡°who really cares about Yorkshire¡±, for example (바카라사이트 Wizard of Oz quotes seem to highlight 바카라사이트 fantastical visions of 바카라사이트 ¡°misconception mongers¡± selling 바카라사이트 Silicon Valley model).

If we ¡°wake up to 바카라사이트 global reality and change our innovation policies, 바카라사이트re is no reason to believe that 바카라사이트 future of democratic capitalism is ei바카라사이트r horrifying levels of inequality or depressing economic stagnation¡±; if not, ¡°we will be doomed to one of 바카라사이트se two options¡±, writes Professor Breznitz.

john.morgan@ws-2000.com