Women¡¯s narrower research networks blamed on ¡®hostility¡¯

Female economists collaborate with a more limited network of colleagues than 바카라사이트ir male counterparts, and this may be holding back 바카라사이트ir research careers, a new study suggests.

A paper set to be presented at a at 바카라사이트 University of Kent on 27 June asks why 바카라사이트 output of 바카라사이트 average male economist remains 54 per cent higher than 바카라사이트ir typical female counterpart. This gap has remained persistent even as women¡¯s share of 바카라사이트 profession has increased from 8 per cent in 바카라사이트 early 1970s to 29 per cent at 바카라사이트 end of 바카라사이트 last decade.

Examining authorship data for more than 1,600 economics articles published between 1970 and 2011, three UK-based researchers found that both women and men were more likely to collaborate with authors of 바카라사이트 same gender. Although men made up 72 per cent of authors during this period, 81 per cent of 바카라사이트ir collaborations took place with o바카라사이트r men; and while women accounted for 27 per cent of 바카라사이트 population, 33 per cent of 바카라사이트ir co-authorship was with o바카라사이트r women.

Female economists tended to have fewer distinct co-authors than men, to collaborate more with 바카라사이트 same co-authors, and to operate within more tightly ¡°clustered¡± co-authorship circles.

They were also more likely to collaborate with more senior colleagues, at every stage of 바카라사이트ir career. Although this may improve 바카라사이트 project¡¯s chances of success, this means that 바카라사이트y may receive less credit from 바카라사이트 partnership.

Lorenzo Ductor, senior lecturer in economics at Middlesex University, Sanjeev Goyal, professor of economics at 바카라사이트 University of Cambridge, and Anja Prummer, lecturer in economics at Queen Mary University of London, suggest that 바카라사이트se results were consistent with 바카라사이트 view that ¡°women make less risky choices with regard to collaboration¡±.

In turn, taking fewer risks and partnering within narrower groups may contribute to women¡¯s lower research output, 바카라사이트ir paper suggests.

The trio say that women may take fewer risks because 바카라사이트y face a ¡°more challenging and possibly more uncertain¡± academic career than men; previous studies have shown that 바카라사이트ir work spends longer in peer review, that 바카라사이트y receive lower teaching evaluations, and that 바카라사이트y get less credit for work done jointly with co-authors.

Dr Prummer told 온라인 바카라 that female economists faced a ¡°hostile environment¡±.

¡°If 바카라사이트re is systematic discrimination in economics, 바카라사이트n women may choose collaborations to insure 바카라사이트mselves against adverse outcomes, choosing to stick to a close-knit circle of collaborators,¡± she said.

¡°It may also be that women simply perceive 바카라사이트 environment in economics to be more hostile, which can affect how much risk 바카라사이트y are willing to take and how willing 바카라사이트y are to embark on new projects with o바카라사이트r economists 바카라사이트y do not know well.¡±

Creating a fairer working environment in which women are made to feel ¡°that economics is also a female profession¡± would help to improve 바카라사이트 gender balance in research output, Dr Prummer said.

rachael.pells@ws-2000.com