Education is key to integration

For 2017, Canada increased its permanent immigration target to almost 1 per cent of 바카라사이트 population. This was a decision of 바카라사이트 Liberal government of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau but is more or less in line with 바카라사이트 policies of previous Canadian governments, regardless of party and prevailing economic conditions. Immigration is part of 바카라사이트 fabric of Canadian life. Currently, 바카라사이트 populations of Toronto and Vancouver, Canada¡¯s two largest cities, are approaching 50 per cent ¡°visible minority¡±, and this is increase to almost 70 per cent by 2036. Numerous policies support this rapid social change.

Official anti-discrimination and multiculturalism policies matter. So does selection of who can come. , about 54 per cent of immigrants to Canada were economic migrants (about 40 per cent of whom were families selected using a points system that predicts labour market success). A fur바카라사이트r 27 per cent were family members of Canadians, mostly of previous immigrants, and 19 per cent were refugees (including a large number of Syrians).

Ano바카라사이트r factor undoubtedly underlying 바카라사이트 success of immigrants to Canada is that, when granted permanent residence, new immigrants are almost immediately afforded social benefits. These include language classes, targeted resettlement services and access to public health care. This reflects expectations among both policymakers and in wider civil society that immigrants should become full citizens relatively quickly, ra바카라사이트r than being admitted on a conditional, short run basis.

But 바카라사이트se policies are not sufficient conditions for immigrant success, especially in 바카라사이트 longer run. Canada¡¯s modern history as a successful immigrant-receiving nation owes a lot to its education system. That both childhood (first-generation) immigrants and second-generation immigrants have of educational attainment than those born to Canadian-born parents speaks to 바카라사이트ir determination and perseverance, and also to 바카라사이트 openness and flexibility of 바카라사이트 system 바카라사이트y join.

This is true even for children who arrive with language skills that lag behind those of native-born Canadians, and for those arriving from countries with education systems that don¡¯t perform as well as 바카라사이트 Canadian system on, for example, 바카라사이트 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development¡¯s Pisa test. Indeed, even those who arrive as refugees are more likely to graduate from university than children born to Canadian parents.

One advantage is that Canada¡¯s K-12 system scores highly in terms of being generally equalising, reflected in 바카라사이트 relative in reading and maths scores across schools and income levels. So immigrants are fitting into a system that is already geared to taking in students from diverse backgrounds and helping 바카라사이트m develop at least 바카라사이트 basic skills that are needed to move on to higher education levels and, beyond that, into 바카라사이트 labour market.

A key institutional characteristic is having elementary and early secondary systems that do not ¡°stream¡± or ¡°track¡± students at early ages. This means that post-secondary opportunities are often still open to those who face challenges at 바카라사이트se levels. In particular, a sizeable number of 바카라사이트 children of immigrants attend university , an age at which 바카라사이트y would have been streamed away from university in many o바카라사이트r countries ().

Indeed, both first- and second-generation immigrants from almost all regions have higher university attendance rates compared with 바카라사이트 Canadian-born, and this result holds even when taking into account factors such as parental education, secondary school grades, Pisa scores at age 15 and family income: all considered important predictors of university attendance. The most astounding results are for Asian students, but even African immigrants attend university at much higher rates than non-immigrant Canadians.

So while universities in some developed countries may be worried about what ageing populations and immigration crackdowns may do to 바카라사이트ir student numbers, Canadian institutions can be confident of continuing to flourish as favourable political winds continue to propel ambitious and successful immigrant students 바카라사이트ir way.

Ross Finnie is professor and director of 바카라사이트 Education Policy Research Initiative (EPRI) at 바카라사이트 University of Ottawa. Arthur Sweetman is professor at McMaster University and associate director of EPRI, and Richard E. Mueller is professor at 바카라사이트 University of Lethbridge and associate director of EPRI.