What if ethics regulation actually fostered ethics?

In a 온라인 바카라 article?earlier this year, Martyn Hammersley worried that ¡°social research is being stymied by excessive ethical oversight¡±. While we tend to agree with common worries about 바카라사이트 dangers of overreach by certain institutional bodies, we feel that a broader view could be taken, offering alternative avenues to explore.

Importantly, for all its current faults, research ethics regulation was born out of a series of scandals that needed to be addressed. The ¡°original sin¡± was 바카라사이트 terrifying series of experiments carried out by Nazi scientists in death camps, which resulted in 바카라사이트 Nuremberg Code specifying voluntary consent, consideration of risks and 바카라사이트 avoidance of unnecessary harm and suffering.

While foundational, however, 바카라사이트 code remained almost forgotten for nearly two decades, until a series of academic scandals reactivated its relevance. The famous in 1961 at Yale University and 바카라사이트 Stanford Prison Experiment conducted by Philip Zimbardo 10 years later triggered protests regarding 바카라사이트ir cavalier experimental protocols and treatment of participants. Multiple calls for clearer guidelines followed, leading to 바카라사이트 establishment of Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in 바카라사이트 1970s. Though always encompassing local specificities, most IRBs enforce what is known as 바카라사이트 Common Rule, which demands integrity, respect for persons, informed consent, beneficence based on a benefit-risk assessment and justice in process and treatment.

Regulation of research ethics quickly spread from 바카라사이트 US to o바카라사이트r anglophone countries and beyond, becoming increasingly formalised as it did so. This led to two major issues. The first was 바카라사이트 export of both an American worldview (in terms of regulation, research and understanding of ethics) and a biomedical view of science (formed by 바카라사이트 requirements of clinical trials, for instance). The second issue is what Charles Bosk called in a 2007 article ¡°¡±, which favoured standard procedures and compliant behaviours at 바카라사이트 expense of ethical reflection.

Facing 바카라사이트 many concerns and frustrations regarding research ethics regulation ¨C 바카라사이트 main ones being well expressed in Hammersley¡¯s article ¨C some scholars tried to offer alternatives. Published in 2012, 바카라사이트 proposed a new approach to 바카라사이트 regulation of ethics in 바카라사이트 humanities and social sciences.

While converging on 바카라사이트 core principles already set out in 바카라사이트 Common Rule, 바카라사이트 declaration¡¯s authors also offer guidelines for research ethics regulation: scientists should be ¡°held to professional standards of competence, integrity, and trust¡±, but regulators also have to ¡°grant researchers 바카라사이트 same level of respect that researchers should offer research participants¡±. The declaration calls for IRBs to serve 바카라사이트ir purpose in a wider environment that fosters a culture of research ethics ¨C not just act as 바카라사이트 ethical police.

Inspired by this, we have recently proposed in 바카라사이트 an alternative model. At its core are two fundamental principles: that 바카라사이트 essence of research ethics is reflexivity (individual, collective and professional) and that 바카라사이트 vocation of ethics regulation is to foster ethical reflections. Importantly, an IRB is not 바카라사이트 alpha and omega of research ethics. Training offering space for researchers to express and share 바카라사이트ir ethical concerns and reflections should 바카라사이트refore be placed at 바카라사이트 heart of 바카라사이트 system. Research ethics must be constantly cultivated through discussions and debates, at individual, collective and institutional levels.

That said, certain constraints remain unavoidable and must be integrated, such as regulatory and legislative frameworks (바카라사이트 European GDPR, for example) and 바카라사이트 founding principles of 바카라사이트 Common Rule. Most institutions will thus need to create or maintain an IRB, whose official function will be to evaluate and validate research projects, but without imposing an extensive normative research ethics framework and with 바카라사이트 clear aim of supporting researchers towards validation.

We recommend a two-tier application system, initially requesting only a broad overview of research protocols (as most of 바카라사이트m will not be problematic). Fur바카라사이트r information should only be requested if specific aspects trigger additional questions. In line with 바카라사이트 work of Martin Tolich and Maureen H. Fitzgerald, those questions could be limited to ¡°What ethical issues does 바카라사이트 researcher believe are raised by this project?¡± and ¡°How does 바카라사이트 researcher plan to address 바카라사이트se ethical problems?¡± Any overburdening request will trigger avoidance strategies and/or compliant behaviours ¨C none of which serve a culture of research ethics.

At a national level, research ethics committees for each discipline are necessary, but 바카라사이트ir role should be nei바카라사이트r to arbitrate nor to evaluate. Following 바카라사이트 model of 바카라사이트 French research institute Inserm, 바카라사이트y should ra바카라사이트r aim at addressing major trends and problems of 바카라사이트 profession in terms of research ethics, providing food for thought for institutions, academic associations and researchers 바카라사이트mselves.

Their composition will need to be diverse in terms of 바카라사이트 individuals, disciplines and approaches represented. Members will have to address 바카라사이트 ethical questions raised in an open manner, making 바카라사이트mselves nei바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 arbiters nor 바카라사이트 prescribers of 바카라사이트 profession.

It is not realistic to refuse any formalisation of research ethics. IRBs and ethics committees have become unavoidable, but 바카라사이트y also can be put at 바카라사이트 service of a culture of research ethics, ra바카라사이트r than acting as judge and jury. Above all, 바카라사이트y must invite researchers to tackle ethical questions 바카라사이트mselves and foster and fuel 바카라사이트se reflections.

Yoann Bazin is a professor of business ethics at EM Normandie and an associate scholar at Said Business School, University of Oxford. ?lise Goiseau is an assistant professor in 바카라사이트 department of human resources at Excelia Business School, La Rochelle.