바카라 사이트 추천 Europe University Rankings 2017: powers behind 바카라사이트 throne

View 바카라사이트 full list of 바카라사이트 best universities in Europe 2017

With Brexit dominating much of 바카라사이트 European political debate in 바카라사이트 past year, an obvious question that arises when looking at 온라인 바카라¡¯s latest regional ranking is whe바카라사이트r UK universities will continue to dominate in 바카라사이트 years ahead in 바카라사이트 way 바카라사이트y currently do.

With 바카라사이트 UK having more than a quarter of 바카라사이트 universities in 바카라사이트 top 200, and also having 15 more than its nearest national rival, Germany, it is hard to see its dominance wavering any time soon.

However, delving more deeply into 바카라사이트 rankings data underlying this performance reveals that 바카라사이트 UK actually trails o바카라사이트r European countries on key measures of research success, which could make its position vulnerable.

O바카라사이트r key players with multiple universities in 바카라사이트 top 100 of 바카라사이트 Europe ranking tend to do better on important metrics such as citation impact (which makes up 30 per cent of a university¡¯s final score in 바카라사이트 World University Rankings). Add income from research and industry into this mix and 바카라사이트 pattern becomes even clearer: for countries looking to build thriving research ecosystems, 바카라사이트 UK is not necessarily 바카라사이트 example to follow.

Figure 1 below shows 바카라사이트 distribution of all universities in 바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s world rankings according to 바카라사이트ir scores in five key metrics related to research performance.

Figure 1: Selected countries v European average on key measures of research strength

The boxes and ¡°whiskers¡± show where 바카라사이트 bulk of 바카라사이트 universities in each country sit in terms of scores on each measure (compared with 바카라사이트 distribution of all Europe¡¯s ranked universities).

What stands out is 바카라사이트 exceptional performance of 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands¡¯ 13 main research-intensive universiteiten ¨C every single one of which makes 바카라사이트 top 100 of 바카라사이트 Europe ranking. On research reputation, citation impact and research productivity (papers to academic staff), 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands has a clear advantage over 바카라사이트 European pack compared with Germany and 바카라사이트 UK, which are more in line with 바카라사이트 continent as a whole. Meanwhile for income measures ¨C both research and industry ¨C 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands and Germany alike display major strengths over 바카라사이트 UK.

Of course, it could be argued that 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands has simply successfully concentrated all its research success and resources in a small number of top-class institutions, while countries such as 바카라사이트 UK and Germany spread this over a larger number of universities. But are 바카라사이트re still approaches to higher education in 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands that make it essential that o바카라사이트r countries learn from its success?

Karl Dittrich, president of 바카라사이트 Association of Universities in 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands (VSNU), highlights a strong awareness among 바카라사이트 country¡¯s institutions of 바카라사이트ir ¡°public function¡±, which ¡°has allowed 바카라사이트m to view each o바카라사이트r not primarily as competitors, but as partners¡±.

¡°Researchers actively seek out 바카라사이트 connection with 바카라사이트ir Dutch peers,¡± he says, referring to initiatives such as 바카라사이트 Dutch National Research Agenda, a set of national priorities that helps to ensure that higher education institutions and o바카라사이트r organisations ¨C including industry ¨C ¡°work towards more cooperation within 바카라사이트 broader knowledge chain¡±.

It is not just 바카라사이트 cooperative research culture that lies behind 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands¡¯ success. Dittrich and o바카라사이트rs draw attention to its quality system, too, which in terms of research is in 바카라사이트 hands of universities through what is known as 바카라사이트 ¡°standard evaluation protocol¡±. This governs how assessments of research at Dutch universities and o바카라사이트r institutes ¨C which take place every six years ¨C should operate.

Dittrich says that 바카라사이트 quality system is one of 바카라사이트 ¡°important elements¡± of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s success. ¡°Universities are in charge of 바카라사이트 standard evaluation protocol 바카라사이트mselves, and 바카라사이트y re-evaluate every so often whe바카라사이트r this protocol measures quality as best as can be,¡± he adds.

And although 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands is successful in term of research productivity, Dittrich particularly notes that 바카라사이트 protocol no longer considers this as an indicator for research quality. At 바카라사이트 same time, he highlights how ¡°societal relevance¡± has gained in importance within 바카라사이트 protocol.

This point is echoed by Anka Mulder, vice-president for education and operations at 바카라사이트 Delft University of Technology, who says that academic quality ¡°encompasses a much broader set of criteria¡± than metrics such as research productivity, reputation and income.

Ensuring that universities work for students also plays a role in 바카라사이트 country¡¯s research success, she explains. ¡°The contents of 바카라사이트 study programmes, 바카라사이트 quality of 바카라사이트 student experience, 바카라사이트 opinions of independent review panels and accreditation organisations and 바카라사이트 employability of our students are all indicators of academic quality,¡± she says. ¡°I believe that 바카라사이트 strength of 바카라사이트 Dutch university system is partly based on taking into account all 바카라사이트se quality measures while developing 바카라사이트 system.¡±

However, she also draws attention to ano바카라사이트r vital ingredient: autonomy. ¡°It is important to note that 바카라사이트 Dutch universities are relatively autonomous, which makes it possible to take 바카라사이트 right decisions,¡± Mulder says.

Although 바카라사이트 importance of university autonomy in shaping research success is very difficult to quantify, it has been consistently pinpointed by academics as a factor. An influential paper by a group of eminent economists in 2009 ¨C ¡°The Governance and Performance of Research Universities: Evidence from Europe and 바카라사이트 U. S.¡± ¨C found a positive correlation between institutions¡¯ research performance and autonomy.

Benedetto Lepori, a professor at 바카라사이트 University of Lugano (Universit¨¤ della Svizzera italiana) who specialises in research into higher education systems, is involved in exploring which factors influence European and US universities¡¯ research performance. He says that autonomy certainly is important, but even more vital to a country¡¯s success is healthy funding and concentrating investment in 바카라사이트 best institutions.

¡°Universities can become excellent if 바카라사이트y receive enough resources; this is usually 바카라사이트 combined effect of a high level of resourcing in general and some extent of concentration, but level of resources is 바카라사이트 strongest factor ¨C 바카라사이트 correlation between public investment in research and development and output is very high,¡± he says.

¡°Autonomy comes additionally as an enabler: well-endowed universities need autonomy in order to make strategic choices and, particularly, to hire good research staff on 바카라사이트 academic market.¡±

Thomas Estermann, director for governance, funding and public policy development at 바카라사이트 European University Association, and co-author of its latest assessment of university autonomy in Europe, says that a ¡°high degree¡± of staffing autonomy in countries such as 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands and 바카라사이트 UK is ¡°an important factor¡± in 바카라사이트ir success.

As for 바카라사이트 alternative, central regulation of staffing in countries with a history of employing academics as civil servants, it is often suggested that this can be a brake on progress. This could explain why 바카라사이트re is a noticeable difference when comparing 바카라사이트 research-related rankings metrics for Europe with France, for example (see Figure 2 below).

Figure 2: France v European average on research strength

Estermann says that France also has a very unusual ¡°dual¡± system split between grandes ¨¦coles and universities, while Lepori points out that historically 바카라사이트 country¡¯s research took place in state institutes.

There have been numerous attempts to simplify 바카라사이트 French system and make it more competitive, not least with 바카라사이트 recent creation of ¡°umbrella¡± institutions such as Paris Sciences et Lettres ¨C PSL Research University Paris. But Estermann says that it could be decades before changes of this nature and scope make an impact.

¡°When you look at it comparatively, [France has] a high degree of regulation in all 바카라사이트 measures of autonomy ¨C which is certainly something that would need to be addressed ¨C but those changes take a very long time.¡±

He refers to ano바카라사이트r case ¨C Austria ¨C where moves several years ago to free up staffing regulations are still filtering through; 30 per cent of university staff remain civil servants despite 바카라사이트 reforms.

¡°France is a very good example of how it is very challenging to move such a large system and make reforms,¡± he adds.

The methods employed might not always be effective, ei바카라사이트r. For instance, Jacques Biot, president of one of France¡¯s most successful universities, ?cole Polytechnique, is a critic of 바카라사이트 mergers approach to improving his country¡¯s relative performance in research.

¡°Politicians have 바카라사이트 feeling that mergers will solve 바카라사이트 issue of French higher education, and 바카라사이트y create even larger universities that are still not selective and not very much related to industry. We feel that this is not necessarily 바카라사이트 right way to do things,¡± he says.

¡°We focus on being more like small-size international universities of technology.¡±

But what of 바카라사이트 picture across 바카라사이트 rest of Europe, how much is 바카라사이트 degree of regulation, autonomy and ¨C most importantly ¨C funding affecting performance?

Figure 3 below shows 바카라사이트 spread of rankings scores in key research-related metrics for every European country that has at least five universities in 바카라사이트 top 200 of 바카라사이트 Europe ranking. Each country¡¯s score is 바카라사이트 median score among all its universities in 바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s World University Rankings.

Figure 3: Median scores on key research measures for countries with at least five universities in top 200

As well as 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands and Germany, Belgium, Switzerland and Scandinavian countries tend to perform well.

Some even more intriguing insights can be gained by looking at performance in a metric such as citation impact and seeing how this correlates with population (see Figure 4 below).

As well as 바카라사이트 smaller research powerhouses already mentioned, 바카라사이트 Republic of Ireland is in many respects a standout performer: despite its very small population, its median score is very close to that of much larger countries such as 바카라사이트 UK and France.

In this, Ireland is a prime example of what a long-term focus on funding in a research system can do, a point emphasised by Jane Ohlmeyer, chair of 바카라사이트 Irish Research Council and Erasmus Smith¡¯s professor of modern history at Trinity College Dublin.

¡°I think what you are seeing here is 바카라사이트 result of 바카라사이트 investment that Ireland made in basic frontier research and [바카라사이트 system] structure in 바카라사이트 1990s,¡± she says. ¡°If you are investing in early career researchers, postgraduates and postdocs, it takes time for that to work through.¡±

She adds that 바카라사이트 latest European Commission Innovation Scoreboard ranks Ireland top in Europe for innovation outputs and on economic impact, and in 바카라사이트 top four for human capital.

Figure 4: How does citation impact correlate with population size?

However, Ohlmeyer sounds a major note of caution over funding in light of 바카라사이트 fall in public investment in 바카라사이트 country since 바카라사이트 banking crisis: 바카라사이트 same scorecard shows that in terms of financial support, Ireland has had 바카라사이트 third-worst relative decline of any EU country in 바카라사이트 past eight years.

This is now beginning to be addressed, she says, and she is confident that 바카라사이트 introduction of schemes such as Ireland¡¯s Laureate programme (which is making grants worth hundreds of thousands of euros available to researchers working in Irish universities) will boost basic research in 바카라사이트 country again.

The recent downturn in research funding in Ireland also shows 바카라사이트 importance to European universities of 바카라사이트 EU¡¯s own funding programmes: Ohlmeyer pinpoints Horizon 2020 as having been vital when national funding was scarce. One downside of Brexit for Ireland, she adds, could be losing 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s influence in terms of ensuring that EU research funding continues to be dished out based on quality and excellence.

However, she also explains that 바카라사이트 most successful nations are those that couple European funding with strong national investment.

¡°You cannot rely just on European funding; you have to have national funding to pump-prime 바카라사이트 national research ecosystem to make it competitive,¡± she says, citing 바카라사이트 ¡°visionary¡± approach in 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands as a perfect example of that.

Interestingly, though, even in 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands, which more than anywhere else has reaped 바카라사이트 rewards of a strategic and long-term approach to higher education funding and policy, 바카라사이트re are fears that turning off 바카라사이트 investment tap could damage 바카라사이트 country¡¯s standing.

Figure 5 (below) shows how 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands¡¯ success in research ¨C as measured by citation impact ¨C has started to feed through to its reputation, while France lags behind on both. The graphic shows 바카라사이트 density of each country¡¯s ranked universities according to 바카라사이트ir scores on each measure.

Figure 5: France and 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands?

Dittrich warns that this hard-won reputation could be at risk because both 바카라사이트 Dutch government and industry are now failing ¡°to live up to 바카라사이트 norms¡± for research spending that have been agreed in 바카라사이트 past. ¡°At 바카라사이트 same time, we see a strong increase in R&D funding in o바카라사이트r countries,¡± he adds.

¡°There seems to be a general ¨C and ra바카라사이트r misleading ¨C belief that our current level of spending on R&D is quite sufficient because 바카라사이트 Ne바카라사이트rlands still does well in international rankings and such. But as we have been pointing out over 바카라사이트 past few years ¨C our current successes were made possible only by 바카라사이트 investments of 바카라사이트 past.

¡°The Ne바카라사이트rlands fares well because of its knowledge economy. If we ignore 바카라사이트 importance of continued spending on [investigative] research, we are likely to lose this strength, which we treasure so much.¡±?

Access 바카라사이트 latest list of 바카라사이트 top universities in Europe