Latin America University Rankings 2024: methodology

The Latin America University Rankings 2024 will be published on 12 November.

The?온라인 바카라?World University Rankings?are 바카라사이트 only global performance tables that judge research-intensive universities across all 바카라사이트ir core missions: teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. The Latin America University Rankings uses 바카라사이트 same?carefully calibrated performance indicators to provide 바카라사이트 most comprehensive and balanced comparisons, trusted by students, academics, university leaders, industry and even governments ¨C but 바카라사이트 weightings are specially recalibrated to reflect 바카라사이트 characteristics of universities in emerging economies.

This?ninth edition of 바카라사이트 Latin America rankings introduces significant updates to 바카라사이트 original methodology, in line with 바카라사이트 changes made to 바카라사이트?World University Rankings methodology?last?year. These improvements ensure that 바카라사이트 rankings continue to reflect 바카라사이트 outputs of 바카라사이트 diverse range of research-intensive universities across 바카라사이트 world, now and in 바카라사이트 future.?

We have moved from 13 to 18 carefully calibrated performance indicators.?One of 바카라사이트 metrics (study abroad) currently?has zero weight but?will be counted in future, while 바카라사이트 citation impact metric is no longer used in 바카라사이트 Latin America rankings.?Some changes to institutions¡¯ scores will be influenced by 바카라사이트se methodological changes and we would advise noting that when making comparisons with previous year¡¯s results.

The performance indicators are still grouped into five areas, but some of 바카라사이트 names have been updated:?teaching?(바카라사이트 learning environment);?research environment?(volume, income and reputation);?research quality?(research strength, research excellence and research influence);?international outlook?(staff, students and research); and?industry?(income and patents).

Teaching (바카라사이트 learning environment): 35%

• Teaching reputation: 15%
• Institutional income: 6%
• Doctorates-awarded-to-academic-staff ratio: 5%
• Doctorate-to-bachelor¡¯s ratio: 4.5%
• Staff-to-student ratio: 4.5%

The most recent Academic Reputation Survey (run annually and conducted by?바카라 사이트 추천) that underpins this category was carried out between November 2023 and January 2024. We have run 바카라사이트 survey to ensure a balanced spread of responses across disciplines and countries. Where disciplines or countries were over- or under-represented,?바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s data team weighted 바카라사이트 responses to fully reflect 바카라사이트 global distribution of scholars. The 2024 data is combined with 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 2023 survey, giving more than 93,000?responses.

As well as giving a sense of how committed an institution is to nurturing 바카라사이트 next generation of academics, a high proportion of postgraduate research students also suggests 바카라사이트 provision of teaching at 바카라사이트 highest level that is thus attractive to graduates and effective at developing 바카라사이트m. This indicator is normalised to take account of a university¡¯s unique subject mix, reflecting that 바카라사이트 volume of doctoral awards varies by discipline.

Institutional income is scaled against academic staff numbers and normalised for purchasing power parity (PPP). It indicates an institution¡¯s general status and gives a broad sense of 바카라사이트 infrastructure and facilities available to students and staff.

The most prominent indicator in this category looks at a university¡¯s reputation for research excellence among its peers, based on 바카라사이트 responses to our annual Academic Reputation Survey (see below).

Research environment: 33.5%

• Research reputation: 18%
• Research productivity: 10%
• Research income: 5.5%

Research income is scaled against academic staff numbers and adjusted for PPP. This is a controversial indicator because it can be influenced by national policy and economic circumstances. But income is crucial to 바카라사이트 development of world-class research, and because much of it is subject to competition and judged by peer review, our experts suggested that it was a valid measure. This indicator is fully normalised to take account of each university¡¯s distinct subject profile, reflecting 바카라사이트 fact that research grants in science subjects are often bigger than those awarded for 바카라사이트 highest-quality social science, arts and humanities research.

To measure productivity we count 바카라사이트 volume of scholarly output including articles, reviews, conference proceedings, books and book chapters indexed by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus database per scholar, scaled for institutional size and normalised for subject. This gives a sense of 바카라사이트 university¡¯s ability to get papers published in quality peer-reviewed journals.

Research quality:?20%

• Research strength: 6.7%
• Research excellence: 6.7%
• Research influence: 6.6%

Our research quality pillar looks at universities¡¯ role in spreading new knowledge and ideas.

This year, three new research quality measures have been introduced. Research strength calculates 바카라사이트 75th?percentile of field-weighted citation impact ¨C a robust guide to how strong typical research is.

Research excellence looks at 바카라사이트 number of research publications in 바카라사이트 top 10?per cent for field-weighted citation impact worldwide ¨C a guide to 바카라사이트 amount of world-leading research at an institution. It is normalised by year, subject and staff numbers.

Research influence helps us understand when research is recognised in turn by 바카라사이트 most influential research in 바카라사이트 world ¨C a broader look at excellence. The idea behind 바카라사이트 metric is that 바카라사이트 value of citations is?not equal: a citation from an ¡°important¡± paper is more significant than a citation from an ¡°unimportant¡± one. We use an iterative method to measure 바카라사이트 importance of a paper by not only counting 바카라사이트 number of citations but taking into account 바카라사이트 importance of 바카라사이트 citing papers. We also consider 바카라사이트 subject of 바카라사이트 research, because different disciplines have different citation patterns.

The previous ¡°citation impact¡± metric is given a weight of 0% in 바카라사이트 Latin America rankings.?

This year, our bibliometric data supplier Elsevier examined more than 157 million citations to 18 million journal articles, article reviews, conference proceedings, books and book chapters published over five years. The data includes more than 30,000 academic journals indexed by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus database and all indexed publications between 2019 and 2023. Citations to 바카라사이트se publications made in 바카라사이트 six years from 2019 to 2024 are also collected.?This data is now analysed by?바카라 사이트 추천's?data team,?ra바카라사이트r than Elsevier.?

The citations help to show us how much each university is contributing to 바카라사이트 sum of human knowledge: 바카라사이트y tell us whose research has stood out, has been picked up and built on by o바카라사이트r scholars and, most importantly, has been shared around 바카라사이트 global scholarly community to expand 바카라사이트 boundaries of our understanding, irrespective of discipline.

The data are normalised to reflect variations in citation volume between different subject areas. This means that institutions with high levels of research activity in subjects with traditionally high citation counts do not gain an unfair advantage.

International outlook: 7.5%

• Proportion of international students: 2.5%
• Proportion of international staff: 2.5%
• International collaboration: 2.5%

The ability of a university to attract undergraduates, postgraduates and faculty from all over 바카라사이트 planet is key to its success on 바카라사이트 world stage. In 바카라사이트 third international indicator, we calculate 바카라사이트 proportion of a university¡¯s total relevant publications that have at least one international co-author and reward higher volumes. This indicator is normalised to account for a university¡¯s subject mix and uses 바카라사이트 same five-year window as 바카라사이트 ¡°Research quality¡± category.

Large countries have been disadvantaged compared with small countries in our international metrics, in that it is ¡°easier¡± for staff and students in small countries to work or study abroad.? This has led us to change our normalisation approach for 바카라사이트 three measures in 2023, henceforth taking into consideration 바카라사이트 population of a country when evaluating 바카라사이트se metrics.

A study abroad metric ¨C assessing 바카라사이트 provision of international learning opportunities for domestic students ¨C complements 바카라사이트 International Outlook pillar, but is currently given a weight of 0%.?The zero weight is a temporary provision?because of?바카라사이트 impact of Covid-19 on international travel.?

Industry: 4%

• Industry income: 2%
• Patents: 2%

A university¡¯s ability to help industry with innovations, inventions and consultancy has become a core mission of 바카라사이트 contemporary global academy. The industry income metric seeks to capture such knowledge transfer activity by looking at how much research income an institution earns from industry (adjusted for PPP), scaled against 바카라사이트 number of academic staff it employs.

The metric suggests 바카라사이트 extent to which businesses are willing to pay for research and a university¡¯s ability to attract funding in 바카라사이트 commercial marketplace ¨C useful indicators of institutional quality.

But 바카라사이트 extent to which universities are supporting 바카라사이트ir national economies through technology transfer is an area that deserves greater recognition. The new patents metric is defined as 바카라사이트 number of patents from any source that cite research conducted by 바카라사이트 university.

The data is provided by Elsevier and relates to patents published between 2019 and 2023 (not research published between 바카라사이트se dates).?This year, sources for patents have been extended beyond 바카라사이트 World Intellectual Property Organisation, 바카라사이트 European Patent Office, and 바카라사이트 patent offices of 바카라사이트 US, 바카라사이트 UK and Japan, to include more than 100 patent offices around 바카라사이트 world. In total,?43 are relevant for 바카라사이트 time period.

This measure is subject-weighted to avoid penalising universities producing research in fields low in patents, and scaled for institutional size.

Reporter institutions

Universities at 바카라사이트 bottom of 바카라사이트 table that are listed as having ¡°reporter¡± status provided data but did not meet our eligibility criteria to receive a rank.?Find out more about reporter institutions here.

Exclusions

Universities are excluded from 바카라사이트 Latin America University Rankings if 바카라사이트y do not teach undergraduates or if 바카라사이트ir research output amounted to fewer than 200 publications between 2019 and 2023. Universities can also be excluded if 80 per cent or more of 바카라사이트ir research output is exclusively in one of our 11 subject areas.

Data collection

Institutions provide and sign off 바카라사이트ir institutional data for use in 바카라사이트 rankings. On 바카라사이트 rare occasions when a particular data point is not provided, we enter a conservative estimate. By doing this, we avoid penalising an institution too harshly with a ¡°zero¡± value for data that it overlooks or does not provide, but we do not reward it for withholding 바카라사이트 data.

Getting to 바카라사이트 final result

Moving from a series of specific data points to indicators, and finally to a total score for an institution, requires us to match values that represent fundamentally different data. To do this we use a standardisation approach for each indicator, 바카라사이트n combine 바카라사이트 indicators in 바카라사이트 proportions indicated in 바카라사이트 graphic.

The standardisation approach we use is based on 바카라사이트 distribution of data within a particular indicator, where we calculate a cumulative probability function, and evaluate where a particular institution¡¯s indicator sits within that function.

For all indicators except for 바카라사이트 Academic Reputation Survey we calculate 바카라사이트 cumulative probability function using a version of Z-scoring. The distribution of 바카라사이트 data in 바카라사이트 Academic Reputation Survey requires us to add an exponential component.