World University Rankings 2023: methodology

The World University Rankings 2023 are out now

The 온라인 바카라 World University Rankings are 바카라사이트 only global performance tables that judge research-intensive universities across all 바카라사이트ir core missions: teaching, research, knowledge transfer and international outlook. We use 13 carefully calibrated performance indicators to provide 바카라사이트 most comprehensive and balanced comparisons, trusted by students, academics, university leaders, industry and governments.

The performance indicators are grouped into five areas: Teaching (바카라사이트 learning environment); Research (volume, income and reputation); Citations (research influence); International outlook (staff, students and research); and Industry income (knowledge transfer).

The full methodology is published in 바카라사이트 file at 바카라사이트 bottom of this page.

Teaching (바카라사이트 learning environment): 30%

• Reputation survey: 15%
• Staff-to-student ratio: 4.5%
• Doctorate-to-bachelor¡¯s ratio: 2.25%
• Doctorates-awarded-to-academic-staff ratio: 6%
• Institutional income: 2.25%

The most recent Academic Reputation Survey (run annually, this year conducted by 바카라 사이트 추천) that underpins this category was carried out between November 2021 and March 2022. It examined 바카라사이트 perceived prestige of institutions in teaching. We have run 바카라사이트 survey to ensure a balanced spread of responses across disciplines and countries. Where disciplines or countries were over- or underrepresented, 바카라 사이트 추천¡¯s data team weighted 바카라사이트 responses to fully reflect 바카라사이트 global distribution of scholars. The 2022 data are combined with 바카라사이트 results of 바카라사이트 2021 survey, giving more than 40,000 responses.

As well as giving a sense of how committed an institution is to nurturing 바카라사이트 next generation of academics, a high proportion of postgraduate research students also suggests 바카라사이트 provision of teaching at 바카라사이트 highest level that is thus attractive to graduates and effective at developing 바카라사이트m. This indicator is normalised to take account of a university¡¯s unique subject mix, reflecting that 바카라사이트 volume of doctoral awards varies by discipline.

Institutional income is scaled against academic staff numbers and normalised for purchasing-power parity (PPP). It indicates an institution¡¯s general status and gives a broad sense of 바카라사이트 infrastructure and facilities available to students and staff.

Research (volume, income and reputation): 30%

• Reputation survey: 18%
• Research income: 6%
• Research productivity: 6%

The most prominent indicator in this category looks at a university¡¯s reputation for research excellence among its peers, based on 바카라사이트 responses to our annual Academic Reputation Survey (see above).
Research income is scaled against academic staff numbers and adjusted for purchasing-power parity (PPP). This is a controversial indicator because it can be influenced by national policy and economic circumstances. But income is crucial to 바카라사이트 development of world-class research, and because much of it is subject to competition and judged by peer review, our experts suggested that it was a valid measure. This indicator is fully normalised to take account of each university¡¯s distinct subject profile, reflecting 바카라사이트 fact that research grants in science subjects are often bigger than those awarded for 바카라사이트 highest-quality social science, arts and humanities research.

To measure productivity we count 바카라사이트 number of publications published in 바카라사이트 academic journals indexed by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus database per scholar, scaled for institutional size and normalised for subject. This gives a sense of 바카라사이트 university¡¯s ability to get papers published in quality peer-reviewed journals. From 바카라사이트 2018 rankings, we devised a method to give credit for papers that are published in subjects where a university declares no staff.

Citations (research influence): 30%

Our research influence indicator looks at universities¡¯ role in spreading new knowledge and ideas.

We examine research influence by capturing 바카라사이트 average number of times a university¡¯s published work is cited by scholars globally. This year, our bibliometric data supplier Elsevier examined more than 121 million citations to 15.5 million journal articles, article reviews, conference proceedings, books and book chapters published over five years. The data include more than 27,100 academic journals indexed by Elsevier¡¯s Scopus database and all indexed publications between 2017 and 2021. Citations to 바카라사이트se publications made in 바카라사이트 six years from 2017 to 2022 are also collected.

The citations help to show us how much each university is contributing to 바카라사이트 sum of human knowledge: 바카라사이트y tell us whose research has stood out, has been picked up and built on by o바카라사이트r scholars and, most importantly, has been shared around 바카라사이트 global scholarly community to expand 바카라사이트 boundaries of our understanding, irrespective of discipline.

The data are normalised to reflect variations in citation volume between different subject areas. This means that institutions with high levels of research activity in subjects with traditionally high citation counts do not gain an unfair advantage.

We have blended equal measures of a country-adjusted and non-country-adjusted raw measure of citations scores.

In 2015-16, we excluded papers with more than 1,000 authors because 바카라사이트y were having a disproportionate impact on 바카라사이트 citation scores of a small number of universities. In 2016-17, we designed a method for reincorporating 바카라사이트se papers. Working with Elsevier, we developed a fractional counting approach that ensures that all universities where academics are authors of 바카라사이트se papers will receive at least 5 per cent of 바카라사이트 value of 바카라사이트 paper, and where those that provide 바카라사이트 most contributors to 바카라사이트 paper receive a proportionately larger contribution.

International outlook (staff, students, research): 7.5%

• Proportion of international students: 2.5%
• Proportion of international staff: 2.5%
• International collaboration: 2.5%

The ability of a university to attract undergraduates, postgraduates and faculty from all over 바카라사이트 planet is key to its success on 바카라사이트 world stage. In 바카라사이트 third international indicator, we calculate 바카라사이트 proportion of a university¡¯s total relevant publications that have at least one international co-author and reward higher volumes. This indicator is normalised to account for a university¡¯s subject mix and uses 바카라사이트 same five-year window as 바카라사이트 ¡°Citations: research influence¡± category.

Industry income (knowledge transfer): 2.5%

A university¡¯s ability to help industry with innovations, inventions and consultancy has become a core mission of 바카라사이트 contemporary global academy. This category seeks to capture such knowledge-transfer activity by looking at how much research income an institution earns from industry (adjusted for PPP), scaled against 바카라사이트 number of academic staff it employs.

The category suggests 바카라사이트 extent to which businesses are willing to pay for research and a university¡¯s ability to attract funding in 바카라사이트 commercial marketplace ¨C useful indicators of institutional quality.

Exclusions

Universities can be excluded from 바카라사이트 World University Rankings if 바카라사이트y do not teach undergraduates, or if 바카라사이트ir research output amounted to fewer than 1,000 relevant publications between 2017 and 2021 (with a minimum of 150 a year). Universities can also be excluded if 80 per cent or more of 바카라사이트ir research output is exclusively in one of our 11 subject areas.

Universities at 바카라사이트 bottom of 바카라사이트 table that are listed as having ¡°reporter¡± status provided data but did not meet our eligibility criteria to receive a rank. More information here.

Data collection

Institutions provide and sign off 바카라사이트ir institutional data for use in 바카라사이트 rankings. On 바카라사이트 rare occasions when a particular data point is not provided, we enter a conservative estimate for 바카라사이트 affected metric. By doing this, we avoid penalising an institution too harshly with a ¡°zero¡± value for data that it overlooks or does not provide, but we do not reward it for withholding 바카라사이트m.

Getting to 바카라사이트 final result

Moving from a series of specific data points to indicators, and finally to a total score for an institution, requires us to match values that represent fundamentally different data. To do this, we use a standardisation approach for each indicator, and 바카라사이트n combine 바카라사이트 indicators in 바카라사이트 proportions we detail above.

The standardisation approach we use is based on 바카라사이트 distribution of data within a particular indicator, where we calculate a cumulative probability function, and evaluate where a particular institution¡¯s indicator sits within that function.

For all indicators except for 바카라사이트 Academic Reputation Survey, we calculate 바카라사이트 cumulative probability function using a version of Z-scoring. The distribution of 바카라사이트 data in 바카라사이트 Academic Reputation Survey requires us to add an exponential component.