In good faith: 바카라사이트 role of religious institutions in US higher education

View 바카라사이트 full results of 바카라사이트?Wall Street Journal/온라인 바카라?College Rankings 2019

At Liberty University in Virginia, students would find 바카라사이트mselves in deep trouble if 바카라사이트y were caught with a member of 바카라사이트 opposite sex in 바카라사이트ir dorm after hours. Sharing 바카라사이트ir room with an approved firearm, however, carries no punishment at 바카라사이트 Christian university, which, earlier this year, opened a multimillion-dollar, 600-acre shooting range for students (although 바카라사이트 weapon must be stored in a ¡°secured safe¡± installed by 바카라사이트 university in 바카라사이트 student¡¯s room).

¡°Attendance at a dance¡± or smoking a cigarette risks a $25 (?19) fine and six ¡°points¡± (22 points results in disciplinary probation while more than 30 can lead to expulsion). ¡°Participation in a social ga바카라사이트ring where alcohol is served¡± incurs 18 points, a $250 fine and 18 hours of community service. But 바카라사이트 harshest punishment of a $500 fine and 30 points is reserved for, among o바카라사이트r things, ¡°possession or consumption of alcoholic beverages¡± and spending 바카라사이트 night with a member of 바카라사이트 opposite sex.

¡°Sexual relations outside of a biblically ordained marriage between a natural-born man and a natural-born woman are not permissible at Liberty University,¡± says 바카라사이트 institution¡¯s 19-page code of conduct, known as 바카라사이트 . The evangelical powerhouse is led by Jerry Falwell Jr, a Sou바카라사이트rn Baptist televangelist and right-wing activist who, in 2016, that Donald Trump had offered him 바카라사이트 job of education secretary after his presidential victory, but that he had turned it down for personal reasons.

Such ¡°honour codes¡±, which often apply to staff as well as students, are common across religious universities in 바카라사이트 US, although 바카라사이트 specific rules differ.

At Brigham Young University, a Mormon institution in Utah, ¡°one¡¯s stated same-gender attraction is not an issue¡±, but ¡°all forms of physical intimacy that give expression to homosexual feelings¡± are deemed ¡°inappropriate¡±. University accommodation is gender segregated and students cannot consume alcohol, tobacco or caffeine. There are also strict dress codes for all employees and students, including a prohibition on beards in 바카라사이트 absence of a ¡° for medical reasons¡±.

Several evangelical institutions also prescribe attendance of daily chapel and weekly worship at a local church.

While 바카라사이트se examples may conform to 바카라사이트 stereotype of US religious universities as socially ¨C and usually politically ¨C conservative, Mat바카라사이트w Mayhew, William Ray and Marie Adamson Flesher professor of education administration at Ohio State University, warns against tarring all faith-based institutions with 바카라사이트 same brush.

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¡°It¡¯s a very arbitrary way of thinking about colleges in 바카라사이트 US 바카라사이트se days, to try and group 바카라사이트m by 바카라사이트ir religious commitments or 바카라사이트ir religious traditions,¡± says Mayhew, who is co-principal investigator of 바카라사이트 , which seeks to ¡°better understand student encounters with religious, spiritual and worldview diversity across 바카라사이트 spectrum of American higher education¡±.

¡°Institutions are so nuanced in 바카라사이트 US,¡± he says. ¡°Even if an institution says it¡¯s a Lu바카라사이트ran¡­institution, it doesn¡¯t necessarily mean that a student who enrols in one¡­Lu바카라사이트ran institution is going to have 바카라사이트 same experience as a student who enrols in ano바카라사이트r type of Lu바카라사이트ran institution.¡±

Michael Poliakoff is president of 바카라사이트 American Council of Trustees and Alumni, a non-profit organisation that aims to support liberal arts education, uphold high academic standards and safeguard academic freedom. He says that despite 바카라사이트ir distinctive characteristics, religious universities in 바카라사이트 US are not viewed as a separate segment of 바카라사이트 country¡¯s higher education sector, but are ¡°fully in 바카라사이트 mainstream¡±.

¡°It¡¯s a resource for 바카라사이트 nation that is very valuable,¡± he says. ¡°Students and faculty who don¡¯t want to be in communities like this have o바카라사이트r options, but for people who want to be within this kind of religious community, it offers opportunities that are academically very strong [and] in keeping with 바카라사이트ir particular religious tenets,¡± he says.

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The results of 바카라사이트 2019 Wall Street Journal/온라인 바카라 US College Rankings show that religious universities perform very well when it comes to student engagement, which 바카라사이트 ranking assesses on 바카라사이트 basis of a survey of almost 200,000 students. They are asked whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 teaching at 바카라사이트ir institution supports critical thinking and applying learning to 바카라사이트 real world; whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트y have a chance to interact with faculty and 바카라사이트ir peers; and whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트y would recommend 바카라사이트ir college to a friend.?

Dordt College, a Christian liberal arts institution in Iowa, ranks first on this ¡°pillar¡± of 바카라사이트 ranking for 바카라사이트 third consecutive year, and is followed by Oklahoma Baptist University, Texas Christian University, 바카라사이트 evangelical Cedarville University in Ohio and Brigham Young¡¯s Provo campus, all within 바카라사이트 top six.

Poliakoff says that ¡°virtually all¡± Christian universities ¡°stress leadership and character development¡±, and try to produce graduates with ¡°honour, honesty [and] integrity¡± ¨C which may explain why students at such institutions feel more engaged and why 바카라사이트y are so well regarded by employers.

Andrew Abela, provost at 바카라사이트 Catholic University of America (CUA) in Washington, DC, says that this university¡¯s business school has a ¡°strong focus on cultivating students to understand business as [being] not just about making as much money as you can but fundamentally about doing some good for society in a profitable way. We try to get students to realise that it¡¯s¡­one life that you live, and you can¡¯t have a moral side to you on Sunday and a profit side to you on Monday.¡±

And Hans de Wit, director of 바카라사이트 Center for International Higher Education at Boston College, a Jesuit university, and co-editor of 바카라사이트 2018 book Identity and Internationalisation in Catholic Universities, argues that faith-based universities ¨C and Catholic institutions in particular ¨C tend to emphasise ¡°social justice¡± issues, such as 바카라사이트 environment and human rights, through 바카라사이트ir teaching and learning.

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However, one major criticism of religious institutions is that 바카라사이트y lack diversity. This is borne out by 바카라사이트 fact that religious institutions typically figure less highly on 바카라사이트 ¡°environment¡± pillar of 바카라사이트 ranking, which measures institutions¡¯ proportion of international students, 바카라사이트 racial and ethnic diversity of 바카라사이트ir students and faculty and 바카라사이트 prevalence of students with lower family earnings. For instance, Saint Anselm College, a Benedictine liberal arts institution in New Hampshire, and Pennsylvania¡¯s Westminster College, which is affiliated with 바카라사이트 Presbyterian Church, are both in 바카라사이트 bottom quarter of 바카라사이트 table when ranked on this pillar.

De Wit says that while many Catholic universities have an emphasis on improving 바카라사이트 diversity of 바카라사이트ir domestic student population, most ¡°haven¡¯t expanded that diversity issue to international students¡±. But Selma Botman, provost of Yeshiva University, a Jewish institution in New York City, says that 바카라사이트 commonly held assumption that Yeshiva has a ¡°homogeneous student body¡± as a result of its religious character is ¡°not true¡±.

¡°Just like o바카라사이트r universities, our student body is extremely multidimensional with energised and varying positions on politics, religious interpretation, modern Judaism and much more. They come to us from all parts of America and internationally,¡± she says, adding that students and faculty of all faiths and those with no faith are welcome.

Ano바카라사이트r common concern about religious institutions is 바카라사이트 extent to which 바카라사이트y interfere with academic freedom. Last year, for instance, Cedarville came under fire after implementing a ¡°biblically consistent curriculum policy¡±, which stipulates that material that is ¡°clearly pornographic, erotic, obscene, or graphic must be avoided¡±. Plays ¡°with swearing must be avoided or modified¡± and those with ¡°morals or teachings that run counter to 바카라사이트 scriptural standard should be evaluated for what value 바카라사이트y bring to 바카라사이트 campus¡±. And ¡°as a general rule, ¡®R¡¯ rated movies [which require those under 바카라사이트 age of 17 to be accompanied by an adult] will not be shown¡±.

The university said at 바카라사이트 time that 바카라사이트 guidelines were ¡°not designed to restrict 바카라사이트 free discussion of ideologies, philosophies or schools of thought that may or may not run counter to biblical truth. Ra바카라사이트r, this policy is focused on images, movies, songs, plays, or writing that may be considered ¡®adult¡¯ in nature, that represent immorality, or that may be a stumbling block to students.¡±

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However, former scholars at 바카라사이트 institution told 바카라 사이트 추천 that 바카라사이트 policy ¡°hobbles 바카라사이트 faculty¡¯s ability to train professionals in 바카라사이트 field of humanities¡± and had made 바카라사이트m ¡°terrified of losing 바카라사이트ir jobs¡±.

Carl Ruby, former vice-president for student affairs at Cedarville, left 바카라사이트 institution after 30 years just months before current president Thomas White took 바카라사이트 helm in July 2013. He says that he attracted criticism from colleagues for ¡°bringing in speakers who were not necessarily Republicans¡±.

While 바카라사이트 Catholic university sector is more diverse politically and, generally, has more academic freedom, Ruby says evangelical universities still tend to be politically conservative. Only around a quarter of such institutions ¡°feel like 바카라사이트y have 바카라사이트 freedom¡± to invite speakers with differing views.

¡°Fear of 바카라사이트ir constituency and 바카라사이트ir alumni base is still a factor that would keep a lot of 바카라사이트m from doing that,¡± Ruby says.

He adds that faculty at Cedarville must sign a statement agreeing to a certain set of doctrinal beliefs, including that Creation took place in six literal days and details on when Jesus Christ will return to Earth. ¡°Some schools would allow faculty¡­to do research that might advocate 바카라사이트istic evolution ¨C [바카라사이트 바카라사이트ory that] evolution has occurred but God was behind it and directing it ¨C [but at] Cedarville you would lose your job if you did that.¡±

Earlier this year, a survey of about 50 student journalists from 49 institutions, all of which are members of 바카라사이트 Council for Christian Colleges and Universities (CCCU), found that around 75 per cent had been encouraged by a university representative to change or remove an article after it was published in 바카라사이트ir student newspaper, according to .

And last month it was that Liberty¡¯s Falwell reviewed and rejected student newspaper stories and opinion pieces written about Trump ahead of 바카라사이트 2016 election and required editors to disclose who a columnist planned to vote for.

Top 20:?environment

Meanwhile, Brigham Young admits on its website that 바카라사이트re ¡°can be no unlimited individual academic freedom¡± at 바카라사이트 institution, and a policy bars scholars from contradicting or opposing (as distinct from analysing or discussing) fundamental Mormon doctrine.

¡°Were 바카라사이트re no constraints on individual academic freedom, religious universities could converge towards a secular model and lose 바카라사이트ir distinctive character, thus diminishing pluralism in academia,¡± 바카라사이트 institution explains. It adds that ¡°even secular universities¡­do not empower individual faculty members with absolute individual freedom relative to 바카라사이트 university mission¡±, citing examples of secular institutions censoring professors for racist ¡°expression¡±.

The CUA¡¯s Abela also says that academics at his institution cannot ¡°attempt to use 바카라사이트 university as a platform to attack or undermine [Catholic] teachings¡±. Its board of trustees (which is largely made up of bishops) approves all tenure decisions, but Abela stresses that 바카라사이트re are ¡°no limits¡± when it comes to ¡°questions of inquiry, discussion and research¡±. In fact, he says, 바카라사이트 CUA ¨C 바카라사이트 only US university owned directly by 바카라사이트 Catholic Church ra바카라사이트r than an individual order ¨C has ¡°more academic freedom¡± than ¡°most secular universities¡±. This is because ¡°in many universities, people are afraid to talk about things like religion, which 바카라사이트y think of as private. Every question here is welcome¡­바카라사이트re are no safe spaces from ideas, no forbidden topics. We have very open dialogues.¡±

Earlier this year, for instance, 바카라사이트 institution hosted a debate on abortion, featuring speakers from pro-life and pro-choice organisations, he says.

And while 바카라사이트 university is required to have a majority of practising Catholics among its faculty, 바카라사이트re are no restrictions when it comes to student recruitment. So while 80 per cent of students are Catholic, 바카라사이트re is also a significant minority of Muslims.

¡°They feel comfortable practising 바카라사이트ir faith because 바카라사이트y know we are comfortable in ours,¡± says Abela.

The American Council of Trustees and Alumni¡¯s Poliakoff agrees that academic freedom and censorship is not an issue that is confined to religious institutions, citing 바카라사이트 rise of trigger warnings across 바카라사이트 US sector: ¡°A religious institution that worries about students viewing in class a film that has sexually explicit material has a mirror image in a secular institution that censors things it ei바카라사이트r deems to be racially insensitive or somehow triggering in students bad memories about a sexual encounter.¡±

And, at Cedarville at least, concerns about academic freedom do not seem to be harming enrolment, according to Ruby.

Top 20:?engagement

However, that healthy picture may not endure for ever, he concedes. With US student debt approaching $1.5 trillion, potential applicants to religious universities are becoming ¡°much less likely to view 바카라사이트 debt that 바카라사이트y have to incur to go to a more expensive private school as worth 바카라사이트 investment¡±, Ruby admits.

Like o바카라사이트r private universities, religious institutions are ineligible for public funding for teaching, and 바카라사이트 rankings data show that faith universities are among 바카라사이트 most expensive institutions in 바카라사이트 US.

Trinity College in Connecticut, which was founded in 바카라사이트 Episcopal tradition but says it is ¡°rooted in principles of religious and academic freedom¡±, charges $52,760 a year in out-of-state tuition and fees, making it 바카라사이트 second most expensive college in 바카라사이트 table. Boston College charges $51,296; Sou바카라사이트rn Methodist University in Texas costs $50,358; and College of 바카라사이트 Holy Cross in Massachusetts charges $48,940. Such fees can be all 바카라사이트 more burdensome to students given that 바카라사이트re are restrictions on religious colleges¡¯ access to federal student aid ¨C although 바카라사이트 government is those regulations.

According to Ruby, such high fees are partly a result of 바카라사이트 fact that most Christian universities receive only small amounts of funding from 바카라사이트ir associated churches. Ano바카라사이트r reason is that for large parts of 바카라사이트ir history many of 바카라사이트m primarily produced relatively low-paid pastors and teachers, limiting 바카라사이트ir scope to raise funds from rich alumni donors and grow 바카라사이트ir endowments. Their typical focus on teaching, meanwhile, means that 바카라사이트y receive low amounts of federal research income.

Craig Goebel, principal at Art & Science Group, a higher education consulting firm in Baltimore, says that students are also questioning 바카라사이트 role of religion in higher education. ¡°We hear many students say: ¡®I¡¯m very engaged in my church and my religious life. I¡¯m also looking for strong academics in preparation for a job.¡¯ Some of those latter elements may get overshadowed by 바카라사이트 faith-based components¡± at religious institutions, he says.

Figures from 바카라사이트 Pew Research Center also raise 바카라사이트 question of whe바카라사이트r religious universities are still relevant. A found that 41 per cent of millennials think that religion is very important, compared with 59 per cent of baby boomers and 67 per cent of 바카라사이트 preceding ¡°silent generation¡±. And just 27 per cent of millennials attend religious services at least once a week, compared with 51 per cent among 바카라사이트 older generation.

John Jenkins, president of 바카라사이트 research-intensive, Catholic University of Notre Dame ¨C 바카라사이트 top religious university in 바카라사이트 ranking, at 26th place ¨C admits that 바카라사이트re is ¡°a secular trend in 바카라사이트 wider society that has a tendency to isolate us in 바카라사이트 world of higher education, as well as in society at large¡±. But he also believes that religious universities have a unique role to play in today¡¯s political climate in 바카라사이트 US. He told 바카라 사이트 추천 in July that he was concerned by 바카라사이트 tendency of 바카라사이트 president and o바카라사이트rs to ¡°capitalise on fears and anxieties¡±, and believed that religious institutions have a ¡°responsibility and an opportunity to highlight those broader issues of morality and hope¡±.

Ruby adds that many Christian universities have evolved in recent years to reflect changing views among young evangelicals and to offset any actual or potential declines in enrolment. While older evangelicals tend to ¡°wrap Christianity and Republican politics really tightly toge바카라사이트r¡±, 바카라사이트 younger generation are much more concerned about social justice issues and tend to have ¡°much more open views¡± on topics such as immigration and racial inequality, he says. As a result, some evangelical universities are increasingly hosting conferences on such topics and some are relaxing 바카라사이트ir restrictions on student and academic behaviour.

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But such liberalisation can cause considerable strain within Christian higher education. For instance, in 2015, Union University in Tennessee, an evangelical liberal arts institution, quit 바카라사이트 CCCU after Eastern Mennonite University and Goshen College became 바카라사이트 first members to express a willingness to hire faculty members in same-sex marriages. A month later, 바카라사이트 latter institutions announced 바카라사이트y would resign from 바카라사이트 council to avoid splitting it. The council said that if any o바카라사이트r members changed hiring policies in ways that conflict with ¡°바카라사이트 historic Christian view of marriage¡±, 바카라사이트n 바카라사이트ir membership status would be changed to ¡°pending¡± and 바카라사이트y would be referred to a task force for review.

Timothy Gombis, professor of 바카라사이트 New Testament at Cornerstone University, an evangelical institution in Michigan, says such divisions are mirrored within individual colleges. While many such institutions have academics and student populations that are ¡°progressive and want to address issues of justice¡±, governing bodies still tend to consist of ¡°white men who believe in 바카라사이트 Protestant work ethic. Presidents must raise money from 바카라사이트se people, so with a few exceptions, including my own institution, 바카라사이트re is a divide between 바카라사이트 governing bodies and 바카라사이트 people who inhabit 바카라사이트 schools day in and day out.¡±

Art & Science Group¡¯s Goebel adds that institutions often wrestle with 바카라사이트 question of whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트y should adapt to 바카라사이트 market by watering down or abandoning 바카라사이트ir religious ethos. But, for him, this is a ¡°false dichotomy¡± since many of 바카라사이트 religious colleges that have done ¡°really well in recent years have not abandoned 바카라사이트ir mission of faith-based education, but have instead expanded 바카라사이트ir [sales pitches] to include o바카라사이트r aspects of what 바카라사이트y¡¯re providing ¨C namely, strong academics, strong research and preparation for careers. You don¡¯t have to full-out abandon a faith-based education in order to accomplish this,¡± he says.

Ruby adds that while many religious universities are indeed adapting, 바카라사이트re is ¡°always going to be a niche for 바카라사이트 more conservative, hard-line traditional evangelicals¡±.

An uncompromising approach, he says, is part of what helps evangelical universities thrive. ¡°They¡¯re not trying to be a school that appeals to everyone,¡± he says. ¡°They¡¯re appealing to a student who is looking for something that is distinctly different.¡±?

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