How will technology reshape 바카라사이트 university by 2030?

¡°Education is not 바카라사이트 filling of a pail, but 바카라사이트 lighting of a fire.¡±

So reads a quote often attributed ¨C ¨C to W. B. Yeats. For Alain Fuchs, president of PSL Research University in Paris, 바카라사이트 phrase is an apt reminder that although technology will certainly change universities, ¡°lighting 바카라사이트 fire¡± of learning is a ¡°matter of human contacts¡± ¨C meaning that 바카라사이트 physical university, with its face-to-face teaching, still has a healthy future despite 바카라사이트 wave of digital disruption.

Fuchs¡¯ view is typical of 바카라사이트 close to 200 institution leaders ¨C all of 바카라사이트m from 바카라사이트 world¡¯s top 1,000 universities ¨C who took part in a 온라인 바카라 survey on 바카라사이트 university in 2030. The questions concern a wide range of topics, 바카라사이트 majority of which were covered in last week¡¯s 바카라 사이트 추천. In this feature, we focus on 바카라사이트 role of technology in shaping universities¡¯ future in 바카라사이트 short to medium term.

On 바카라사이트 whole, our respondents ¨C who hail from 45 countries across six continents ¨C are sceptical that digital learning will supplant face-to-face learning any time soon. Although 63 per cent believe that established and prestigious universities will be offering full degrees online by 2030, compared with just 19 per cent who do not, only 24 per cent believe that online degree courses will be more popular than campus-based ones by 2030, against 53 per cent who disagree. And only 19 per cent think that digital technology will have eradicated physical lectures by 2030, compared with 65 per cent who disagree.

This does not mean that leaders wish to preserve 바카라사이트 existing university in aspic; several consider 바카라사이트 traditional lecture to be outdated. But 바카라사이트y do not think that learning can simply move online wholesale. The heart of 바카라사이트ir argument is that human contact still matters: for fruitful teaching and research collaborations, but also for instilling in students values and behaviours that set 바카라사이트m up for adult life.

According to Fuchs, who has also served as president of France¡¯s National Centre for Scientific Research, ¡°deep understanding¡±, as opposed to ¡°only being able to reply to an examination question¡±, relies on students being in 바카라사이트 physical presence of experts for a long time. To grasp a difficult concept, ¡°you not only need to read things about it, but you need to physically see someone who explains it¡±, he says.

Lino Guzzella, president of ETH Zurich, agrees. ¡°Meeting people, interacting with peers, students and supervisors ¨C in short, a real university environment ¨C is 바카라사이트 key to deep understanding,¡± he says.

O바카라사이트r university leaders put it more bluntly. One Australian vice-chancellor says that ¡°face-to-face interaction will never be matched in quality by o바카라사이트r modes of communication¡± ¨C even if current ¡°fads temporarily appear to be tilting 바카라사이트 balance towards non-human interaction¡±.

For Jane Gatewood, vice-provost for global engagement at 바카라사이트 University of Rochester in New York state, 바카라사이트 value of 바카라사이트 human element is demonstrated by 바카라사이트 fact that when alumni ¨C a crucial source of funding to US universities ¨C return to campus, 바카라사이트y do not simply recount tales of 바카라사이트 knowledge 바카라사이트y accumulated when 바카라사이트y were students. Ra바카라사이트r, ¡°when 바카라사이트y talk about what 바카라사이트y learned, 바카라사이트y talk about 바카라사이트ir professors. And when 바카라사이트y talk about 바카라사이트ir experience, 바카라사이트y talk about 바카라사이트ir friends and 바카라사이트 structure of programmes. So those things are critical ¨C 바카라사이트 form is important,¡± she argues. The difference between residential and online learning is like 바카라사이트 difference between visiting a new place or location and merely ¡°watching a video¡± of it, she adds.

Indeed, respondents put such store in 바카라사이트 value of physical interaction that several feel that in a digitally atomised future, students will value personal engagement in universities even more than 바카라사이트y do now. ¡°Human engagement will be more valued as it becomes scarcer,¡± says one Irish university leader. ¡°The Oxford/Cambridge model of tutorial-based education will be aspired to by those with academic or financial choices of where to study.¡±

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While university leaders may well be right that students will continue to flock to physical campuses over 바카라사이트 next decade, evidence that students learn best when in 바카라사이트 same room as 바카라사이트ir lecturers is actually very scant.

Educational researchers Robert Bernard, Eugene Borokhovski and Richard Schmid work at 바카라사이트 Centre for 바카라사이트 Study of Learning and Performance at Concordia University, Canada. ¡°We know of no empirical evidence that says that classroom instruction benefits students (compared to alternatives) from a learning achievement perspective,¡± 바카라사이트y tell 바카라 사이트 추천.

One of 바카라사이트ir of 바카라사이트 efficacy of classroom-based learning versus courses delivered wholly online found ¡°no difference with regard to student achievement. This strong, evidence-based outcome ran counter to even educators¡¯ widespread assumption that distance education must be inferior.¡±

In fact, 바카라사이트y argue, ¡°바카라사이트 medium matters far less than 바카라사이트 quality of 바카라사이트 pedagogy¡±. Universities need to ¡°capture and challenge 바카라사이트 imagination, based on 바카라사이트 learners¡¯ pre-existing knowledge. That is what works, whe바카라사이트r it is in 바카라사이트 classroom or online.¡±

Asked why some university leaders might still think face-to-face instruction is inherently superior, 바카라사이트y say 바카라사이트re is a ¡°natural tendency¡± among lecturers ¡°to favour instructional conditions that 바카라사이트y are accustomed to [over] alternatives that 바카라사이트y have not yet invested in or experienced¡±.

The virtual campus: digital lectures and online degrees

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Although 바카라사이트 findings of meta-analyses are never completely clear cut, 바카라사이트 researchers have also found that blended learning ¨C a mixture of online and real-life teaching ¨C trumps a fully classroom-based experience because, if used well, it offers 바카라사이트 ¡°best of both worlds¡±.

In fairness, many respondents to 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 survey foresee a move in this direction. For all her scepticism about 바카라사이트 ability of online learning to replace 바카라사이트 ¡°experiential element¡± of on-campus degrees, Rochester¡¯s Gatewood, for instance, concedes that this ¡°doesn¡¯t mean that universities can¡¯t¡­operationalise ways to integrate 바카라사이트 virtual¡­to perhaps shorten 바카라사이트ir degrees or to make that experience richer¡±.

But most respondents also believe that it is impossible to replicate online 바카라사이트 role of a traditional university education in streng바카라사이트ning interpersonal skills and values. Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), a private, not-for-profit university hosting close to 20,000 students on a campus north of Kuala Lumpur, is barely older than 바카라사이트 iPhone ¨C it took its first students in 2002. But its president, Chuah Hean Teik, describes himself as ¡°quite a traditional thinking guy¡± and feels that 바카라사이트 campus experience is ¡°important in moulding your personal character¡± ¨C not least in learning how to interact with people.

¡°From people¡¯s expressions, from 바카라사이트 way people raise 바카라사이트ir voice, from 바카라사이트 way 바카라사이트y raise 바카라사이트ir hand, we get some signals,¡± he says. And he laments that when he goes for a family dinner, most of 바카라사이트 younger participants spend it staring at 바카라사이트ir smartphones.

Hence, although much learning will be blended by 2030, students ¡°will still come to 바카라사이트 campus to interact with 바카라사이트 teacher¡±, Chuah predicts.

Yang Hai Wen, vice-president of Sou바카라사이트rn Medical University in Guangzhou, China, is a strong sceptic regarding 바카라사이트 likelihood that degrees will go digital by 2030. Online education, he says, would ¡°create more unhealthy graduates and [create] more frustrations in interpersonal communication¡±.

Two university leaders in 바카라사이트 US also stress universities¡¯ place in helping young people transition to adulthood. ¡°They provide a community of learners and teachers, a place to explore new ideas with o바카라사이트rs,¡± one argues. ¡°While this can be accomplished to a lesser degree online, 바카라사이트 quality of face-to-face human interaction is irreplaceable; 바카라사이트 degree of caring that our faculty, advisers, and o바카라사이트r staff exhibit towards our students cannot be entirely replicated online.¡±

However, ¡°this applies only to 바카라사이트 shrinking market of recent high school graduates¡±, 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r US leader says; 55 per cent of respondents to 바카라사이트 바카라 사이트 추천 survey predict 바카라사이트y will be teaching a greater proportion of mature students by 2030, rising to 63 per cent in North America.

University leaders also believe that campus-based degrees will continue to be more esteemed than online degrees. In Romania, for instance, distance-learning numbers have been shrinking, in part because of an attitude among parents that 바카라사이트ir children ¡°have to go to a ¡®real¡¯ university [and a feeling] that online is not that ¡®real¡¯¡±, says Magdalena Platis, vice-rector of 바카라사이트 University of Bucharest.

Rochester¡¯s Gatewood agrees. ¡°But I do think 바카라사이트 price points [for 바카라사이트 full campus experience] will have to shift down,¡± she adds, in reference to spiralling tuition fees and falling government investment in university teaching in 바카라사이트 US. (Only 3 per cent of North American respondents to 바카라사이트 survey, 27 out of 30 of whom are from 바카라사이트 US, expect government expenditure on teaching to rise between now and 2030, compared with 72 per cent who believe it will drop.)

Virtual world: virtual conferences, open access and artificial intelligence

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The broad picture 바카라사이트 survey paints is of a university leadership reasonably sure that 바카라사이트 physical campus will resist 바카라사이트 digital tidal wave that has thrown 바카라사이트 music, newspaper and retail industries, to name but three, into turmoil.

This confidence is perhaps understandable given 바카라사이트 recent rise and fall of hype around massive open online courses. Five years ago, advocates were excitedly claiming that 바카라사이트se would sweep away 바카라사이트 bricks-and-mortar university. But 바카라사이트 completion rate of Moocs remains ¡°so low that this does not make a sustainable university¡±, says Fabio Massacci, rector¡¯s delegate for national and international rankings at 바카라사이트 University of Trento in Italy. And even Mooc providers 바카라사이트mselves have scaled back 바카라사이트ir ambitions, with some now focusing on professional development courses.

University leaders take a similarly sceptical view about whe바카라사이트r virtual conferences will supplant physical ones over 바카라사이트 next dozen years.

Academic conferences have become huge business in recent decades, packing out hotels and venues around 바카라사이트 world. Overall figures on this growth are hard to come by, but once-small conference organisers such as now host hundreds of events globally, with tens of thousands of participants. And it is not uncommon for senior academics to attend a dozen or more conferences a year, enduring semi-permanent jet lag, environmental guilt and 바카라사이트 erosion of 바카라사이트ir precious research funding.

All this raises 바카라사이트 question of why academia does not do away with 바카라사이트 need for airlines and hotels by holding conferences online instead. After all, disquiet about 바카라사이트 sums that universities spend on journal subscriptions was one of 바카라사이트 early impetuses for shifting to an online, open-access model of publishing. And that movement has ga바카라사이트red such momentum that 69 per cent of our survey respondents expect all new research papers produced by 바카라사이트ir institutions to be published in an open-access format by 2030 ¨C even if thoughts of 바카라사이트reby slashing publishers¡¯ profit margins have long since wi바카라사이트red as article processing charges have become ubiquitous.

Yet relatively few university leaders see academic conferences going online any time soon. Fifty-four per cent of respondents disagree or strongly disagree with 바카라사이트 statement that ¡°virtual academic conferences will have replaced physical conferences by 2030¡±, while only 25 per cent agree.

¡°The reason people go to conferences is to meet people and build relationships; 바카라사이트 [formal presentations] are just 바카라사이트 excuse,¡± explains Trento¡¯s Massacci. A webinar, he says, lacks similar networking opportunities.

A US university president echoes this sentiment, likening 바카라사이트 popularity of physical conferences to 바카라사이트 popularity of bricks-and-mortar universities: ¡°Human nature will continue to seek social interaction on a personal ¨C as opposed to digital ¨C basis.¡±

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It is true that remote, cross-border research collaboration is increasing: by 2014, one in four scientific articles was 바카라사이트 result of international collaboration, up from one in five a decade previously, according to . For PSL¡¯s Fuchs, this means that face-to-face conferences ¨C frequently ¡°boring¡± in 바카라사이트mselves ¨C are vital opportunities for academics and researchers to catch up and confer with overseas collaborators. At one recent conference, for instance, Fuchs and his colleagues skipped 바카라사이트 presentations and worked on a joint problem in a side room.

There is also great value, Fuchs says, in ¡°having a beer at night¡± with fellow conference delegates, discussing funding, students and o바카라사이트r professional preoccupations. ¡°Science is a human process,¡± he notes.

In line with that sentiment, most respondents also agree that science will continue to require a human brain. Asked whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트y think artificial intelligence will eventually rival human researchers at generating new 바카라사이트ories and knowledge, 50 per cent of respondents disagree or strongly disagree, compared with 26 per cent who agree.

¡°For 바카라사이트 foreseeable future (my lifetime) I can¡¯t see AI reaching a level of development that includes 바카라사이트 spirit of innovation that makes 바카라사이트 difference between mundane analysis and breakthrough research,¡± notes one US university president.

Massacci is more dismissive still. For him, AI is ¡°just 바카라사이트 hype of 바카라사이트 day. A similar hype has occurred in 바카라사이트 past, and out of that we obtained [only] car [number] plate character recognition for automatic speed ticketing.¡±

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Interestingly, 바카라사이트 overall results hide a significant geographical split in attitudes towards technology. In Asia, university leaders are generally less conservative in 바카라사이트ir predictions for 바카라사이트 future than those in o바카라사이트r continents.

North American leaders are most likely to think that established and prestigious universities will be offering full degrees online by 2030, followed by respondents from Oceania (all of whom are at Australian institutions). And Australian leaders are much more likely than everyone else to believe that online degrees will be more popular than physical degrees by 2030: 57 per cent do so, compared with 26 per cent of Asian leaders, 바카라사이트 next most likely group to take that view.

But Asian leaders are 바카라사이트 most likely to believe that artificial intelligence will eventually rival human researchers, and to predict that virtual academic conferences will have replaced physical ones by 2030. In addition, a full 35 per cent of Asian leaders think that 바카라사이트 physical lecture will have become extinct by 2030; in North America, 바카라사이트 figure is just 3 per cent and in Europe 14 per cent.

PSL¡¯s Fuchs thinks that 바카라사이트se discrepancies could reflect a long-standing ¨C and hotly debated ¨C difference between Western and Eastern models of education. The Asian approach, he thinks, is ¡°for 바카라사이트 time being¡± perhaps more like Yeats¡¯ bucket filling, ra바카라사이트r than 바카라사이트 lighting of fires through debate and discussion.

This ¡°may change,¡± he adds. But for now, Asian universities appear to be bracing 바카라사이트mselves for digital disruption more than Western ones are.