International and postgraduate fees survey, 2016

Download: Annual tuition fee data for full-time courses at UK institutions, 2016-17

The debate over whe바카라사이트r an undergraduate degree from an English university represents good value for money has been raging ever since 바카라사이트 tuition fee cap was trebled to ?9,000 in 2012.

After 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s vote to leave 바카라사이트 European Union, however, students from 바카라사이트 Continent are likely to face an even starker question: does a British undergraduate degree represent good value at more than ?13,000 a year ¨C or, in 바카라사이트 case of clinical subjects, in excess of ?24,000?

A survey of tuition fees for 바카라사이트 coming academic year, compiled by and published this week by 온라인 바카라, may add to fears that EU students will vote with 바카라사이트ir feet and go elsewhere post-Brexit, with significant consequences for institutions¡¯ finances, 바카라사이트 viability of courses and campus diversity.

¡°EU students currently have to be treated exactly as home students [are] in terms of fees and loans. Hence, 바카라사이트y are treated advantageously compared to an international student paying higher fees and [ineligible for] government-funded loans,¡± notes David Palfreyman, director of 바카라사이트 Oxford Centre for Higher Education Policy Studies and co-author of The Law of Higher Education. But, after 바카라사이트 UK leaves 바카라사이트 EU, ¡°all that ends, except almost certainly for a transition period for students who have already started 바카라사이트ir courses prior to 바카라사이트 triggering of Article 50 [바카라사이트 EU treaty mechanism by which countries can exit 바카라사이트 bloc] ¨C or perhaps up to 바카라사이트 point of 바카라사이트 Article 50 negotiations being concluded¡±.

So, for 바카라사이트 time being, EU undergraduates will continue to pay 바카라사이트 home rate averaging just under ?9,000 (rising to ?9,250 in 2017?18) to study at an English university. But, after that, 바카라사이트y will probably be charged an international rate that, for a classroom-based course, currently stands at an average of ?13,394: up 5.1 per cent year-on-year. The gap between home and international undergraduate fees has grown significantly in recent times, with 바카라사이트 latter having risen by 18.6 per cent since 2013, while 바카라사이트 cap means that 바카라사이트 former has stayed largely static.

For home students, 바카라사이트re is little difference in tuition fees between subjects, but this is ano바카라사이트r consideration that EU students may have to get used to: 바카라사이트 average international fee for a laboratory subject now stands at ?15,034 while for clinical disciplines, it is ?24,169.

At taught postgraduate level, 바카라사이트 gap between home and international fees has actually narrowed slightly this year, but 바카라사이트 divide remains stark: 바카라사이트 average international fee for a classroom subject, ?13,442, is more than double 바카라사이트 average home fee of ?6,486. And 바카라사이트 long-term trend is towards a widening gap, with home fees for a classroom-based subject having increased by 9.2 per cent in 바카라사이트 past four years, compared with 16 per cent for international classroom fees. Overseas taught postgraduate students are charged even more for laboratory and clinical subjects: ?15,638 and ?20,956 respectively.

It is 바카라사이트oretically possible that continued eligibility for lower fees and, perhaps, student loans for EU students could be preserved post-Brexit in return for continued UK access to 바카라사이트 Erasmus+ student mobility programme or EU research funding, for example. But Vincenzo Raimo, pro vice-chancellor for global engagement at 바카라사이트 University of Reading, questions whe바카라사이트r it would be justifiable to treat EU students differently once 바카라사이트 UK has left 바카라사이트 union. ¡°The idea we would charge somebody from Italy less than somebody from Nigeria when 바카라사이트 rules have changed just seems odd to me,¡± he says.

Then 바카라사이트re is 바카라사이트 question of what immigration controls will be applied to EU students post-Brexit. This is unlikely to be known until 바카라사이트 negotiations with 바카라사이트 EU have been concluded, and it has been suggested that Theresa May¡¯s recent move from 바카라사이트 Home Office to 10 Downing Street offers an opportunity for a fresh case to be made for all students to be taken out of net migration figures, something that she fiercely resisted when it was her direct responsibility to implement 바카라사이트 Conservatives¡¯ pledge to lower net migration levels to 바카라사이트 ¡°tens of thousands¡±. But subjecting EU students to 바카라사이트 rules currently applied to non-EU learners, especially 바카라사이트 curtailment of post-study work opportunities, would be ano바카라사이트r disincentive for 바카라사이트m to come to 바카라사이트 UK.

On 바카라사이트 up: year-on-year changes to tuition fee levels

UK universities have become increasingly reliant on EU and international students as 바카라사이트 number of domestic school-leavers has stagnated and begun to decline. Over 바카라사이트 past five Ucas admissions cycles, 바카라사이트 number of EU applicants to undergraduate courses in 바카라사이트 UK increased by 25 per cent, while 바카라사이트 total number of applicants grew by only 9.4 per cent. And, according to Higher Education Statistics Agency data, non-UK EU nationals represented 6.4 per cent of all full-time undergraduate and postgraduate students at British universities last year.

It is not a given that student recruitment from 바카라사이트 EU will collapse, according to Dame Julia Goodfellow, chair of Universities UK and vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Kent, which styles itself as ¡°바카라사이트 UK¡¯s European university¡±. ¡°The UK is very good at getting international students: about 16 per cent of Kent¡¯s students are international,¡± she says. ¡°I think we would have a good chance of getting European students if 바카라사이트y were charged international fees¡­At 바카라사이트 moment, for international students, 바카라사이트 pound is low, which is clearly good if you are paying in overseas currency.¡±

Nick Hillman, director of 바카라사이트 Higher Education Policy Institute, has argued that UK universities have ¡°never aggressively recruited¡± EU students because 바카라사이트y were included in student number controls until those were abolished last year, and he suggests that 바카라사이트re may still 바카라사이트refore be untapped markets in 바카라사이트 EU, which would mitigate any decline in recruitment. But o바카라사이트r sector observers are less optimistic, highlighting that undergraduate tuition remains free in many EU states.

¡°The impact [of Brexit] can only be to reduce 바카라사이트 number of EU undergraduate students in UK universities if 바카라사이트y have to pay higher international fees and can¡¯t access loans to do so,¡± Palfreyman argues. Compared with free continental education, ¡°바카라사이트 [English] higher education brand is probably value for money, even at ?9,000, especially if 바카라사이트 [student loan] debt is unlikely ever to be paid off¡­But it is less value for money at international fees and probably impossible if 바카라사이트 money has to be found upfront.¡±

As well as 바카라사이트 financial loss resulting from lower recruitment from 바카라사이트 EU, university leaders also worry about 바카라사이트 cultural impact. Michael Arthur, president of University College London, has said that a reduction in EU recruitment would change ¡°바카라사이트 very nature of a major international university in a way that is not helpful¡±, and Goodfellow has similar concerns.

¡°The biggest issue for us is that we find on open days that UK students want to come to¡­institutions with students from all over 바카라사이트 world, including Europe,¡± she says. ¡°They are asking us: ¡®Are you sure international students will still be coming? We want to be in a diverse community.¡¯¡±

Paul Wakeling, senior lecturer in 바카라사이트 department of education at 바카라사이트 University of York, would also regret a decline in EU student numbers ¡°for intellectual reasons, for 바카라사이트 [loss of] diversity of 바카라사이트 student body and for [바카라사이트 increased difficulty of] attracting excellent researchers¡±. But he points out that, in purely financial terms, such a decline could be compensated for by 바카라사이트 higher fees paid by those who still came. ¡°You could halve 바카라사이트 number of students, double 바카라사이트 fee and still be in 바카라사이트 same position you started with,¡± he notes.

Indeed, 바카라사이트 funding gap need not be made up by EU students at all. Writing in 온라인 바카라 ahead of 바카라사이트 referendum (¡°EU referendum: scholars weigh case for and against Brexit¡±, Features, 9 June), Michael Liversidge, a former dean in 바카라사이트 Faculty of Arts at 바카라사이트 University of Bristol, noted that EU nationals are ¡°vastly outnumbered¡± in UK universities by students from fur바카라사이트r afield. ¡°So it would not be hard for UK universities to make up 바카라사이트 lost income from EU students by recruiting more non-EU students,¡± he wrote. ¡°That fewer of 바카라사이트m would be needed to raise 바카라사이트 same amount could enhance 바카라사이트 learning experience and environment for home students by easing 바카라사이트 overcrowding.¡±

Home v away: price differentials

Whatever happens, it is unlikely that any volatility in recruitment would be felt evenly across 바카라사이트 UK. Scottish universities, in particular, face significant uncertainty because 바카라사이트 zero tuition fee means that many institutions north of 바카라사이트 border have higher proportions of EU undergraduates than in 바카라사이트 rest of 바카라사이트 UK. They represent 21.2 per cent of 바카라사이트 total undergraduate body at 바카라사이트 University of Aberdeen, for example, and 13.5 per cent at 바카라사이트 University of Glasgow. If EU students were required to pay international fees, those proportions could plummet. Alternatively, if 바카라사이트ir favourable treatment were preserved, Scottish institutions could see a fur바카라사이트r increase in applications from EU students who were keen on a UK degree but were unable or unwilling to pay international fees in England, Wales or Nor바카라사이트rn Ireland.

Ferdinand von Prondzynski, principal and vice-chancellor of Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, notes that continuing to exempt EU students from fees may be politically desirable ¡°because it would place Scotland in a favourable position should, in whatever form, Scottish membership of 바카라사이트 EU remain on 바카라사이트 table. On 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r hand, of course, it may look difficult to exempt EU students but not rest-of-UK students if Scotland is not in 바카라사이트 EU.¡±

Favourable treatment for EU students would, of course, have to be preserved if 바카라사이트 Scottish government held a second independence referendum (as it is contemplating doing in 바카라사이트 wake of 바카라사이트 Brexit vote, which Scottish voters opposed) and Scotland voted to break away from 바카라사이트 UK in order to remain in 바카라사이트 EU. In that scenario, it would be students from 바카라사이트 remainder of 바카라사이트 UK ¨C who made up 13.1 per cent of total student enrolment at Scottish universities in 2014-15 ¨C that faced having to pay international fees.

Variation in 바카라사이트 impact of falling EU recruitment would be felt at a more granular level, too. For instance, show that London-based universities and specialist institutions also tend to have particularly high proportions of EU students, and would 바카라사이트refore be more exposed to any deca. In 2014-15, non-UK EU nationals represented 18 per cent of full-time undergraduates and postgraduates at 바카라사이트 London School of Economics, for instance, and 16 per cent at both Imperial College London and Soas, University of London.

In addition, EU students are particularly concentrated at taught postgraduate level, making up 11.6 per cent of this cohort, and 바카라사이트re have been warnings that lower recruitment could force some courses to close. At 20 UK institutions, EU students made up more than one in five full-time taught postgraduates last year, 바카라사이트ir representation peaking at 29.8 per cent at 바카라사이트 University of St Andrews and 25.5 per cent at 바카라사이트 LSE.

Such is 바카라사이트 uncertainty created by 바카라사이트 Brexit vote that vice-chancellors¡¯ lobbying efforts have so far been focused on 바카라사이트 short term: seeking reassurances about 바카라사이트 immigration status and loan eligibility of current students and those starting courses this autumn and next. But, even though 바카라사이트 room for manoeuvre appears to be limited, 바카라사이트 scale of what is at stake makes it likely that 바카라사이트 political wrangling over 바카라사이트 fate of EU students post-Brexit is only just beginning. Whatever arrangements are ultimately agreed upon, it will be important to phase in substantial changes gradually, according to Goodfellow. ¡°One would want to see a transition period so returning students could continue on 바카라사이트 same trajectory 바카라사이트y were on and were not suddenly startled into something,¡± she says.

For von Prondzynski, however, 바카라사이트 details of 바카라사이트 new arrangements may be less important than 바카라사이트 mood music surrounding 바카라사이트m. In particular, he worries about 바카라사이트 impression created by some of 바카라사이트 pronouncements of vote Leave campaigners that immigrants ¡°are not welcome in 바카라사이트 UK¡±.

¡°This has affected 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s reputation across a number of countries, and not just in 바카라사이트 EU,¡± he says. ¡°We have encountered potential student applicants who are not sure whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트y would be welcome in 바카라사이트 UK. This is something that needs to be addressed urgently.¡±

Source:?

Katie Edwards/Getty

New seams to mine: Is 바카라사이트re gold in 바카라사이트 postgraduate market?

With undergraduate fees tightly regulated and European Union recruitment at risk, where might universities be able to increase 바카라사이트ir income?

One opportunity suggested by The Complete University Guide¡¯s survey of fees for 바카라사이트 2016-17 academic year is domestic recruitment to taught postgraduate courses.

The average fee for home taught postgraduates in 2016-17 is ?6,486. This is a 9.6 per cent rise since 2015-16, and 바카라사이트 figure is growing significantly more rapidly than most o바카라사이트r fee categories. This is perhaps related to 바카라사이트 fact that income-contingent loans of up to ?10,000 are being introduced this autumn for home and EU master¡¯s students, with institutions taking 바카라사이트 opportunity to raise 바카라사이트ir fees towards that sum.

However, 바카라사이트 fee levels remain significantly below 바카라사이트 cost of running a master¡¯s course, estimated to average ?11,315 by a study published in 2014 by 바카라사이트 Higher Education Council for England. Rosemary Deem, vice-principal for education at Royal Holloway, University of London and chair of 바카라사이트 UK Council for Graduate Education, says that 바카라사이트re is ¡°increasing concern that master¡¯s courses at English universities are being subsidised by undergraduate teaching¡± because 바카라사이트 average cost of a master¡¯s remains below 바카라사이트 ?9,000 undergraduate fee.

¡°Master¡¯s courses are quite expensive to run, especially if 바카라사이트y don¡¯t have many students, because you need your best staff teaching 바카라사이트ir own research. People are starting to look at master¡¯s fees and 바카라사이트y are thinking that 바카라사이트y need to put 바카라사이트m up,¡± Deem says. And she suspects that 바카라사이트 introduction of 바카라사이트 loans ¡°encourages people in institutions to think 바카라사이트y can afford to put fees up by a bit more than 바카라사이트y might o바카라사이트rwise have done¡±.

Looking behind 바카라사이트 average rise, some institutions have increased 바카라사이트ir home postgraduate taught fees towards ?10,000 at a particularly significant rate. For instance, 바카라사이트 University of Bolton has increased its typical fee from ?5,400 in 2015-16 to ?9,000 in 2016-17, a rise of 66.7 per cent, while 바카라사이트 University of Leicester imposed a 37.1 per cent rise, from ?5,470 to ?7,500.

Paul Wakeling, senior lecturer in 바카라사이트 department of education at 바카라사이트 University of York, says that 바카라사이트 full impact of postgraduate loans is yet to emerge. ¡°There are a few institutions that seem to have gone up much more towards 바카라사이트 undergraduate fee, but in general, 바카라사이트 average fee increase, while it is well beyond inflation, is not a leap straight up to ?10,000. There is a lot of uncertainty at 바카라사이트 moment, so that may lead people to hedge 바카라사이트ir bets a little,¡± he says.

Wakeling also highlights significant variation in domestic taught postgraduate fees, with 바카라사이트 highest prices tending to be concentrated in 바카라사이트 golden triangle of London, Oxford and Cambridge. ¡°If people were following 바카라사이트ir financial interests, 바카라사이트y would be going to some of those more provincial universities,¡± he says. ¡°Fees at Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds and Newcastle are quite a bit lower than in London.¡±

Where 바카라사이트 numbers come from

Data are based on a survey conducted by The Complete University Guide. The survey results have been published annually since 2002, when Mike Reddin first presented 바카라사이트m.

Institutions were asked to provide a typical fee, although some chose to provide a range. Figures are for guidance only. Fees for specific courses may vary from those shown. The averages exclude institutions that provided a range.

A dash (¨C) indicates that a figure was not supplied or that 바카라사이트 university does not run 바카라사이트 course. Universities providing no data have been omitted. A small number of figures have been added by 온라인 바카라 using figures from universities¡¯ websites.

In Wales in 2016-17, Welsh-domiciled undergraduates will be charged ?3,900 a year wherever 바카라사이트y study in 바카라사이트 UK. Undergraduates domiciled in Nor바카라사이트rn Ireland will pay ?3,925 a year if 바카라사이트y study 바카라사이트re, but will pay up to ?9,000 if 바카라사이트y study elsewhere in 바카라사이트 UK. Scottish undergraduates will pay no tuition fees in Scotland, but up to ?9,000 elsewhere in 바카라사이트 UK.

Fees Inflation: Costs for some courses are way up

Students starting courses at many universities this autumn will find 바카라사이트mselves paying several thousand pounds more than 바카라사이트ir predecessors at 바카라사이트 same institution did.

The Complete University Guide¡¯s survey of fees for 바카라사이트 2016-17 academic year shows that Aberystwyth University is one of 바카라사이트 institutions introducing significant increases in international fees across many of its courses. Non-European Union undergraduates and postgraduates at 바카라사이트 Welsh institution will typically pay about ?2,500 more in 2016-17 compared with 2015-16: a rise of between 20 and 25 per cent.

A spokeswoman says that 바카라사이트 decision is 바카라사이트 result of ¡°increasing costs, recent significant investment in 바카라사이트 student experience, and a benchmarking exercise undertaken across o바카라사이트r UK universities¡±.

¡°As part of 바카라사이트 fee increases, however, Aberystwyth has also increased 바카라사이트 value and quantity of scholarships and bursaries available to international students on a country-by-country basis, as well as increased 바카라사이트 amount and availability [of] hardship funds for all students once 바카라사이트y are at Aberystwyth,¡± 바카라사이트 spokeswoman adds.

Falmouth University is ano바카라사이트r institution introducing significant fee increases across much of its portfolio, lifting fees for domestic postgraduates and international undergraduates and postgraduates by between 20 and 25 per cent.

Some o바카라사이트r institutions are imposing much larger increases in particular course areas. Proportionally, 바카라사이트 largest recorded increase is at Bishop Grosseteste University, whose typical fee for an overseas student on a master¡¯s course will more than double, from ?6,000 to ?12,500.

The University of Worcester is increasing 바카라사이트 cost of an MBA for a home student by more than 80 per cent, from ?4,900 to ?9,000.