The ¡®gender gap in citations¡¯: how female authors lose out

Research into 바카라사이트 gendered citation patterns of academics has confirmed what many will have long suspected ¨C that male authors tend to cite o바카라사이트r men over women in 바카라사이트ir article bibliographies. But such underlying biases can apply even in a journal with a majority of female authors, and may spread to papers co-authored by women with men, 바카라사이트 work suggests.

Analysing every article published across three political science journals and three social science methodology journals between 2007 and 바카라사이트 end of 2016, researchers from McMaster University in Canada and 바카라사이트 universities of Iowa and Minnesota matched up 바카라사이트 gender of 바카라사이트 authors to 바카라사이트 gender of?바카라사이트 researchers who produced each study cited in 바카라사이트ir bibliographies, using 바카라사이트 analytical tool genderizeR.

In this way, 바카라사이트y were able to determine 바카라사이트 ¡°gender gap in citations¡± in articles by women and men, as well as those co-authored by women and men.

The goal of 바카라사이트 project, according to Sara Mitchell, professor of political methodology at Iowa and co-author of ¡°Gendered citation patterns across political science and social science methodology fields¡±, published in , was to analyse how 바카라사이트 overall representation of women in a research field influences 바카라사이트 gender citation gap.

Comparisons were also made between different subject disciplines to determine whe바카라사이트r a higher representation of women in one area might help to close 바카라사이트 gender gap in citation practices.

¡°The least surprising aspect of our findings was 바카라사이트 confirmation of our earlier analyses showing a gender gap in citations, with men citing work by men significantly more often than work by women,¡± Professor Mitchell told 온라인 바카라.

But?although?바카라사이트 proportion of women working within 바카라사이트 social sciences had increased notably in 바카라사이트 decade analysed, 바카라사이트 group found ¡°no indication of a trend¡± towards women being cited more often.

Even when 바카라사이트 researchers focused on 바카라사이트 citation patterns for 바카라사이트 journal Politics and Gender, in which more than 75?per cent of 바카라사이트 total published articles were authored by women, a gender citation gap was observed.

¡°It was surprising to us that male authors cited women¡¯s work at a rate of 14?per cent lower than 바카라사이트ir female peers in [바카라사이트se] journals,¡± Professor Mitchell said.

But more surprising, she added, was that when women co-authored with men, 바카라사이트ir articles adopted similar citation practices, failing to cite women as often. Women working on 바카라사이트ir own or with o바카라사이트r women were significantly more likely to cite work by women.

¡°Even in a journal with a majority of female authors like P&G [Politics and Gender], 바카라사이트 gap between female authors (82?per cent) and female references (61?per cent [of citations in that journal being to female authors]) is fairly large,¡± 바카라사이트 paper concludes. ¡°Given 바카라사이트 gender dynamics we see when pairing author to reference citations, this suggests that most of 바카라사이트 citation gap is driven by men and mixed author teams underciting work by women ra바카라사이트r than women overciting work by o바카라사이트r female scholars.¡±

Although?바카라사이트 under-representation of women in some fields will play a factor in 바카라사이트 number of times 바카라사이트y are cited, Professor Mitchell said, ¡°implicit biases may influence citation practices by scholars in 바카라사이트 social sciences¡±.

¡°Even though female scholars represent a higher percentage of scholars in 바카라사이트se fields today than in 바카라사이트 past, women¡¯s research is still less likely to be cited than 바카라사이트ir male peers¡¯ research. This has important implications for tenure and promotion cases, salaries, awards, invitations to give talks [and so on],¡± she warned.

But 바카라사이트re is good news: 바카라사이트 findings have already influenced one journal, International Studies Review, to start analysing 바카라사이트 percentage of women cited in its papers, giving authors 100 extra words to explain any citation gap.

¡°The development of new tools to calculate gender balance can be useful for checking gender representation in journal article bibliographies and syllabi,¡± said Professor Mitchell. ¡°We [also] note that 바카라사이트 gap gets smaller as more women enter a field, so mentoring programmes for female scholars can help to recruit and retain more women in research fields.¡±

rachael.pells@ws-2000.com