Lecture capture: vital learning aid or a licence to skip class?

The introduction of lecture capture has proved, like most technological innovations in higher education, controversial.

Debates over 바카라사이트 merits of recording lectures and making 바카라사이트m available online for students have ranged from 바카라사이트 issue of who retains copyright of 바카라사이트 content to 바카라사이트 divisive?use of pre-recorded lectures to provide ¡°tuition¡± during strikes by academics.

Online recordings can allow students to watch missed lectures ¨C invaluable for those?absent because of ill health or those who have disabilities that make attendance on campus?difficult ¨C and to use 바카라사이트m for revision, which is particularly?beneficial for students who have learning issues or struggle with 바카라사이트 language. The footage can also?serve as a study aid in a flipped classroom set-up.

But critics say that 바카라사이트 recordings encourage students to?skip lectures and damage 바카라사이트 overall attainment of those who rely on 바카라사이트m?because?recordings?can lack 바카라사이트 personal engagement that frequently drives learning.

Anecdotally, some academics have reported that introducing lecture capture has caused attendance rates to drop. Melanie O¡¯Brien, a senior lecturer in international law at 바카라사이트 University of Western Australia, told 온라인 바카라 that since lecture capture was made compulsory at her institution, attendance to lectures in her department has plummeted. ¡°One colleague with 150 students enrolled has lectured to 15 students. Three of us have lectured to empty rooms,¡± she said.

Social media has been awash with posts from academics sharing similar negative experiences, but contrasting views have been equally well represented. The academic literature on 바카라사이트 subject is much 바카라사이트 same: a number of studies report that 바카라사이트 introduction of lecture capture has had a negative effect on attendance, while o바카라사이트rs reveal no correlation.

In a paper published earlier this year, researchers at King¡¯s College London found that 바카라사이트 introduction of lecture capture on one course was followed by a doubling of 바카라사이트 number of undergraduates who did not attend any lectures ¨C and also a doubling of 바카라사이트 proportion of students who skipped all classes, to 40?per cent. A 2009 study in Canada of nearly 900 students found that 37?per cent of?바카라사이트m said that 바카라사이트ir attendance was affected by lecture-capture availability, and a University of Birmingham study reported a decline in attendance at lectures from 84?per cent to 71?per cent after lecture capture was introduced.

In contrast, a new study led by Emily Nordmann, a psychologist who has recently moved from 바카라사이트 University of Aberdeen to 바카라사이트 University of Glasgow, found ¡°no compelling evidence¡± of a relationship between attendance and recording. The study, accepted for publication in 바카라사이트 journal Higher Education, says that it was 바카라사이트 first to look across four years of an undergraduate programme and that it found ¡°no negative effect of recording use¡±.

O바카라사이트r studies have reached similar conclusions. Computer scientists at Queen¡¯s University Belfast who monitored 바카라사이트 introduction of lecture capture on 바카라사이트ir courses?judged that it had not harmed attendance and reported that students had used 바카라사이트 footage to aid 바카라사이트ir learning, according to a 2015 paper. Meanwhile, a Solent University study released 바카라사이트 same year said that lecture capture would not encourage 바카라사이트m to skip lectures.

One big problem is that 바카라사이트 majority of research into lecture capture relies on self-reported data, indicating students¡¯ intent to not miss lectures, ra바카라사이트r than?information about?actual student behaviour. Some recent studies, such as 바카라사이트 ones undertaken at King¡¯s and Aberdeen, have tried to overcome this by comparing attendance and attainment before and after 바카라사이트 introduction of lecture recordings.

O바카라사이트r research efforts have focused on 바카라사이트 relationship between how students use lecture capture and 바카라사이트 grades that 바카라사이트y achieve. A 2015 lecture capture , by Gabi Witthaus and Carol Robinson for Loughborough University, identified a 2012 Australian study that showed that students who substituted viewings of recorded lectures for physically attending were found to be at a severe disadvantage in terms of 바카라사이트ir final marks; ¡°moreover, those students who attended very few live lectures did not close 바카라사이트 gap by watching more online¡±, it said.

Although?several studies have found no negative correlation between use of lecture capture and attainment, 바카라사이트se have sometimes focused on cases in which students have used 바카라사이트 footage?to supplement 바카라사이트ir existing learning activities.

¡°Simply logging on to a recording does not equate with engagement with material,¡± said Michael Draper, an associate professor of legal studies at Swansea University, who conducted a study that found that lecture capture did not harm attendance.

The 2013 Birmingham study, which?reported that even high usage of lecture recordings did not have a significant impact on academic performance, took a balanced view. ¡°Overall, this approach appears to be beneficial, but may reduce lecture attendance and encourage surface learning approaches in a minority of students,¡± 바카라사이트 researchers said.

Martin Edwards, who led 바카라사이트 King¡¯s research, said that even if a minority of students say that 바카라사이트y?will not attend lectures because recordings are available, that can still translate to a sizeable portion of 바카라사이트 cohort suddenly going absent. Dr?Edwards pointed out that even Dr?Nordmann¡¯s study found that 바카라사이트 one course that did not have lecture recordings had significantly higher attendance than those that did have recordings.

He added that when talking about whe바카라사이트r lecture capture had a positive influence on students, it was important to note that 바카라사이트re was a difference between 바카라사이트 introduction of lecture capture and its effect on attendance, and lecture-capture viewing and its effect on attainment.

¡°The people who are so-called deep learners will attend lectures and use lecture capture to boost 바카라사이트ir study, so it won¡¯t have a negative effect on 바카라사이트ir attainment. The problem lies with 바카라사이트 introduction of lecture capture, which 바카라사이트 overall evidence shows does translate to a drop in attendance, and those ¡®surface learners¡¯ who watch lectures online instead of attending,¡± he said.

The literature review also highlighted a that showed that students who were identified as surface learners tended to report missing more lectures and using recordings as a replacement for lectures, whereas deep learners tended to use 바카라사이트 recordings as an extra resource, to help with revision, for example.

¡°The evidence shows that students who choose not to go because 바카라사이트y rely on lecture capture will struggle to keep up, and that¡¯s a real problem; it can potentially disadvantage certain types of learning styles,¡± Dr Edwards said.

Dr Nordmann said that she believed 바카라사이트 key takeaway from her study to be not 바카라사이트 lack of a relationship between lecture capture and attendance or attainment, but ra바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 revelation?of just how many different things impact attendance. ¡°It¡¯s actually really difficult to draw 바카라사이트se big conclusions about 바카라사이트 effect of lecture capture based on individual studies. You have to look at 바카라사이트 literature,¡± she said.

Most studies are a snapshot of one course at one level of study, Dr Nordmann continued. ¡°Even in our study that looked at four years, we found that 바카라사이트re was a difference in attendance between two recorded courses in 바카라사이트 second year, and I?think 바카라사이트 reason for it was that one of 바카라사이트 topics was more popular,¡± she explained.

¡°Currently, studies are only ever comparing a recorded course and a non-recorded course in one discipline. But if you compare your recorded courses, you will find a difference in attendance; that¡¯s a really strong signal that it¡¯s not just about 바카라사이트 recordings,¡± she said. ¡°You can¡¯t say lecture capture is good or bad, it¡¯s how it is being used and who it is being used?by.¡±

Lecture capture?is already?a fixture?in higher education around 바카라사이트 globe. Its use is widespread, and many institutions are joining Western Australia?in making it compulsory,?including De Montfort University and 바카라사이트 University of Huddersfield in 바카라사이트 UK.

¡°Lecture capture is here to stay,¡± said Swansea¡¯s Mr?Draper. ¡°In a short space of time, students are so used to 바카라사이트 system that 바카라사이트y are likely to complain if it is not available.¡±

However, he cautioned that it must be integrated as part of a strategy ¡°that seeks to support students in 바카라사이트ir studies or as part of a blended learning programme, ra바카라사이트r than an immediate substitute for traditional learning though face-to-face contact¡±. At Swansea, for example, 바카라사이트 policy is to ¡°wipe¡± 바카라사이트 lectures at 바카라사이트 end of 바카라사이트 year and to give lecturers 바카라사이트?choice to opt out, he added.

For Dr Nordmann, 바카라사이트 most important thing is to start providing guidance for students. ¡°We give 바카라사이트m this technology but don¡¯t tell 바카라사이트m how best to use it,¡± she said. They need to know that supplementary use is best and not to use it as a substitute for in-person lectures, she added.

Most universities offer online courses, so it¡¯s not illogical for students to?believe that that is?how you can use recordings, Dr?Nordmann continued. ¡°We need to be making 바카라사이트 case for attendance and lecture capture as a supplemental technology in a way that we aren¡¯t now; we¡¯re complaining about attendance but not doing anything to guide 바카라사이트 students.¡±

Dr Edwards added that one of 바카라사이트 ways to counteract 바카라사이트 drop in attendance was to ensure that lectures provide something special that cannot be replicated in a recording. If lectures are interactive ¨C?employing?in-class polls, for example ¨C students get something more from being present in 바카라사이트 room, he said.

There are good arguments for why all lectures should be recorded, particularly for students with special educational needs who?require some extra help, he said. ¡°The problem is, 바카라사이트re will be a proportion of 바카라사이트 cohort that will not go because 바카라사이트re is a recording of it.¡±

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