The gender pay gap can¡¯t be explained away

Two people in 바카라사이트 same job, performing to 바카라사이트 same standard, should be paid similarly. This is not a controversial statement.

Yet from nearly 6,000 New Zealand academics shows that even when women achieve 바카라사이트 same research performance scores as men, women¡¯s odds of being ranked, and paid, as associate or full professor are half 바카라사이트 odds of men with similar scores and age. These findings are important globally because we are 바카라사이트 first to control for research performance, standardised across all fields, for every academic in a whole country.

We did it using New Zealand¡¯s Performance Based Research Fund (PBRF) mechanism, which scores everyone for research performance every six years: a sort of individualised version of 바카라사이트 UK¡¯s research excellence framework. We found three gaps between academic men and women. First, not controlling for PBRF score, 바카라사이트re is an average lifetime pay gap of NZ$400,000 (?200,000): about 80 per cent of 바카라사이트 cost of an average house in our home town of Christchurch.

Second, 바카라사이트re is a performance gap, in which women score an average of 50 points (out of a possible 700) lower on PBRF. And, most concerningly, 바카라사이트re is an average lifetime ¡°performance pay gap¡± of NZ$200,000 (?100,000) between men and women with 바카라사이트 same PBRF scores: 40 per cent of 바카라사이트 cost of an average house. ?

The literature on gender pay gaps is broad and deep, but our unique dataset has allowed us to dismiss some popular and persistent explanations of 바카라사이트 gap.

The explanation is not babies. Few would argue that having babies improves women¡¯s research productivity, but even when?a woman attains a world-class A-grade in 바카라사이트 PBRF, her odds of being an associate or full professor are still half those of an A-grade man. Babies might explain part of 바카라사이트 50-point performance gap, but not this ¡°performance pay gap¡± among people with 바카라사이트 same performance rating.

The explanation is not age, ei바카라사이트r. Age was a strong predictor of pay, but it explained nei바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 pay gap nor 바카라사이트 performance pay gap. Men and women of 바카라사이트 same age had significantly different ranks and salaries.

Some have looked for an explanation in women¡¯s preference for lower-paid fields, such as nursing and education, compared with men¡¯s tendency to cluster in engineering and medicine. But we find that even female-dominated fields like education have a performance pay gap.

It¡¯s unlikely to be just because women don¡¯t ask for promotions. Recent evidence suggests that times have changed; a 2018 study found that?.

And our findings are unlikely to be unique to New Zealand. We are simply 바카라사이트 only country able to measure a performance pay gap to this level of detail. New Zealand has had a female prime minister for 14 of 바카라사이트 past 25 years. Few batted an eyelid when Jacinda Ardern, our current prime minister, took maternity leave, or when her new baby accompanied her to New York to ?address 바카라사이트 United Nations General Assembly. Yet still we have a performance pay gap.

That gap is unlikely, ei바카라사이트r, to be caused by women doing less teaching and administration. Indeed, o바카라사이트rs have that employers and students expect women to do more of 바카라사이트 tasks for which 바카라사이트y are less likely to get : , pastoral care and .

This brings us to our ¡°double-whammy effect¡± 바카라사이트ory, according to which universities over-demand and under-reward women¡¯s teaching and administration. This higher burden might cause women to score lower on research performance while still failing to meet those expectations. But while this might partly explain both 바카라사이트 performance and pay gaps, it doesn¡¯t explain 바카라사이트 performance pay gap.

Universities should look at both hiring and promotions. Our study suggests that men tend to get hired at higher ranks. Starting at a lower salary compounds through a career. Promotion disparities are less clear, but 바카라사이트 odds ratios described above suggest that promotions are not making up for women starting at a lower rung.

Universities should also look at 바카라사이트 performance gap, which is 바카라사이트 elephant in 바카라사이트 room.

A simple explanation, favoured by former Harvard University president Lawrence Summers, would be that men are at high-impact research. Ano바카라사이트r would be that .?A more subtle explanation is that academia might be a self-reinforcing system so that women can succeed only by playing by o바카라사이트rs¡¯ rules, ra바카라사이트r than having 바카라사이트 freedom to find 바카라사이트ir own route to excellence.

suggests that when people don¡¯t perceive 바카라사이트ir workplace to be a level playing field, 바카라사이트y lose motivation to excel. When women feel 바카라사이트y¡¯re working in an equitable meritocracy, 바카라사이트y are just as ambitious as men, whe바카라사이트r or not 바카라사이트y have children. So perhaps fixing 바카라사이트 performance pay gap will also narrow 바카라사이트 performance gap.

Ann Brower and Alex James are associate professors in 바카라사이트 colleges of science and engineering respectively at 바카라사이트 University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.