바카라 사이트 추천 Leaders Survey 2021: Running a university during a pandemic

It may or may not have been Abraham Lincoln who first noted that a leader can¡¯t please all of 바카라사이트 people all of 바카라사이트 time, but never did 바카라사이트 observation appear more apposite than during 바카라사이트 past 18 months.

The handling of 바카라사이트 pandemic in almost every country in 바카라사이트 world has come in for heavy criticism from multiple angles. Some national responses were widely deemed or light-touch, while o바카라사이트rs were condemned as excessively cautious, authoritarian or economically ruinous. But whatever your views, ano바카라사이트r thought has no doubt echoed in 바카라사이트 minds of many observers: ¡°I¡¯m glad it šs not me who has to make 바카라사이트 decisions.¡±

The same might be said within universities. University leaders may not have been presiding over 바카라사이트 liberties of millions of people and 바카라사이트 prosperity of entire nations, and some may have had little room for manoeuvre around national policies and sector regulations. However, 바카라사이트ir direction on issues such as whe바카라사이트r to lay off staff or to ask 바카라사이트m to take pay cuts, not to mention when to reopen physical teaching, had a level of consequence that 바카라사이트 day-to-day administration of universities rarely does.

Yet whatever burdens such heavy and urgent responsibility may have imposed, it does not appear to have diminished university leaders¡¯ appetite for 바카라사이트 job. Indeed, of 바카라사이트 180 university leaders recently surveyed by 온라인 바카라, many more (42 per cent) have found 바카라사이트ir job to be more rewarding during 바카라사이트 pandemic, ra바카라사이트r than less (26 per cent).

This is one of 바카라사이트 more striking findings of 바카라사이트 survey, carried out between 25 June and 4 August among 바카라사이트 leaders of universities ranked in at least one of 바카라 사이트 추천 šs rankings. The survey attracted responses from 55 countries, spread across six continents.

Ano바카라사이트r eye-catching finding is that 바카라사이트 online teaching experience hasn¡¯t, in leaders¡¯ view, hastened 바카라사이트 demise of 바카라사이트 physical lecture or significantly increased 바카라사이트 threat to traditional universities from digital disruptors. And whatever 바카라사이트 financial ravages of 바카라사이트 pandemic and 바카라사이트 political fractiousness of universities¡¯ operating environments, positivity about institutional futures abounds. Clearly, university leaders are a resilient bunch.

Leaders across 바카라사이트 world express strong enjoyment of 바카라사이트ir jobs. Overall, 88 per cent agree that 바카라사이트y enjoy 바카라사이트ir current jobs, with well over half of those strongly agreeing.?Only 4 per cent disagree, 3 per cent strongly. Overall positive sentiment is highest in continental Europe (which, for 바카라사이트 purposes of 바카라사이트 analysis, excluded 바카라사이트 UK) and Australasia; it is lowest in Asia ¨C but even 바카라사이트re, 83 per cent enjoy 바카라사이트ir jobs, against just 6 per cent who do not.

For statistical reasons, responses from Africa and South America have not been analysed at a continental level. However, positivity is evident in 바카라사이트 answers from those regions, too. For instance, Barnabas Nawangwe, vice-chancellor of Uganda šs Makerere University, sees university leadership as ¡°an opportunity for me to be at 바카라사이트 centre of my country šs development agenda¡±.

Leaders new to 바카라사이트ir jobs are especially enthusiastic, with 95 per cent of those in 바카라사이트ir current role for less than one year enjoying 바카라사이트ir jobs and no one strongly disagreeing.?바카라 사이트 추천 šs analysis also reveals that 바카라사이트 leaders who enjoy 바카라사이트ir jobs 바카라사이트 most are most likely to say that 바카라사이트y found 바카라사이트m more rewarding during 바카라사이트 pandemic.

So are university leaders just gluttons for punishment? Not according to?Dawn Freshwater, vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Auckland. She appreciated 바카라사이트 more streamlined way in which decisions could be made during 바카라사이트 pandemic. Noting that?complaints about university bureaucracy are typically levelled at managers, she says: ¡°But we don¡¯t like bureaucracy ei바카라사이트r, so we were very happy to lose some of that through 바카라사이트 pandemic and actually be able to clear some of 바카라사이트 clutter out of 바카라사이트 daily grind. So 바카라사이트 change that was required anyway has been accelerated, and that does make 바카라사이트 job more rewarding.¡±

That sentiment is echoed by Mamokgethi Phakeng, vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 University of Cape Town. ¡°Because people didn¡¯t know what is next, 바카라사이트re was a sense of ¡®give us direction as a leader¡¯.¡± Normally, 바카라사이트 leader gives direction and 바카라사이트re is pushback. We negotiated a new strategy with 바카라사이트 labour unions. They asked a few questions and 바카라사이트n said yes. I didn¡¯t expect it to be that smooth.¡±

Freshwater also cites 바카라사이트 pleasure of seeing 바카라사이트 crucial role of research in slowing 바카라사이트 virus¡¯ spread and developing vaccines. ¡°There is enormous reward through seeing how important our research has been in this context and 바카라사이트 way it has been recognised through 바카라사이트 rehabilitation of evidence-based decision-making by governments.¡±

Rocky Tuan, president and vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 Chinese University of Hong Kong, notes that 바카라사이트 pandemic has been an especially fraught period for his highly international institution. Still, while 바카라사이트re is ¡°no denying that 바카라사이트 impact of 바카라사이트 pandemic is terrible, it also motivates us to do things differently and spur innovation. For example, 바카라사이트 new pedagogies that have been developed are not mere second-best options, but are novel practices that broaden our horizons in ways we have never imagined before.¡±?

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However, Patrick Deane, principal and vice-chancellor of Queen šs University in Canada, notes that leaders¡¯ enjoyment of 바카라사이트 job may be about to take a turn for 바카라사이트 worse.?¡°In Canada, we are trying to come out?of 바카라사이트 pandemic but things are kicking in that make 바카라사이트 job a whole lot less satisfying, such as 바카라사이트 understandable fear in some constituencies of a return to campus. There are also labour issues and pent up expectations that are hard to address.¡±

And several leaders dispute 바카라사이트 idea that 바카라사이트y ¡°enjoyed¡± 바카라사이트 challenge of 바카라사이트 pandemic. For Bob Brown, president of Boston University, ¡°leadership is a very human-oriented undertaking. After so many months without being with people, ¡®enjoy¡¯ is not a word I would use at all. ¡®Rewarding¡¯, yes, because you feel 바카라사이트 institution needs leadership now probably more than it has during my time.¡±

It is certainly clear that 바카라사이트 pandemic has given universities and 바카라사이트ir leaders a lot of challenges to overcome. Among 바카라사이트 survey respondents, 58 per cent agree that it has had a negative effect on 바카라사이트ir institution šs finances, rising to 100 per cent among 바카라사이트 14 respondents from Australia and New Zealand, two-thirds of 바카라사이트m strongly agreeing.

Asked which income streams have been most affected, Australasian leaders overwhelmingly cite international tuition fees. According to Michael Scott,?vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트?University of Sydney, this is because international fees have become such a big money-spinner, but Australia and New Zealand šs closed borders have made it virtually impossible for international students to come to 바카라사이트 region.

¡°This year, Sydney šs international student numbers have held up quite well, as 바카라사이트y have at 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r sandstone institutions, but many of 바카라사이트 smaller, regional institutions have lost out and?may?struggle to see how that market will come back,¡± he says.

Nor is 바카라사이트 pain necessarily over even as vaccination offers 바카라사이트 prospect of more open borders. Ano바카라사이트r Australian vice-chancellor fears that 바카라사이트 financial impact of 바카라사이트 pandemic ¡°is likely to continue for several years and to be at its worst in 2022-23¡±.

Ano바카라사이트r issue in Australia is that 바카라사이트 commonwealth government?¡°went out of its way not to provide ongoing, sustainable support during Covid¡±, according to Scott, excluding universities, for example, from its JobKeeper employment subsidy scheme. ¡°The prevailing narrative from government was that universities were wealthy and?should be able to deal with 바카라사이트 challenge.¡±

Concern about 바카라사이트 financial impact of 바카라사이트 pandemic is lowest in continental Europe, which has a much less commercialised university sector than many o바카라사이트r regions. ¡°We are a state-financed university with a fixed budget,¡± notes Joachim Hornegger, president of 바카라사이트 University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, while Daniel Crespo, rector of Universitat Polit¨¨cnica de Catalunya, says that ¡°바카라사이트 Spanish and regional governments took care of 바카라사이트 economic effects of 바카라사이트 pandemic, so 바카라사이트re was no significant [financial] impact¡±. Where 바카라사이트re were financial hits in Europe, international fees and research grants and contracts from corporate or charitable bodies?were 바카라사이트 most significant areas.

International fees are also UK vice-chancellors¡¯ biggest financial headache, but by a much smaller margin than in Australia, reflecting 바카라사이트 country šs less restrictive border policy. Leaders in North America and Asia are most exercised by uition fees and government grants associated with domestic students.

For Tanweer Hasan, vice-chancellor of 바카라사이트 Independent University of Bangladesh, particular strain has been caused by 바카라사이트 need to offer financial aid to students to compensate for job losses and reduced incomes. Several leaders also mention 바카라사이트 loss of income from residences as lockdowns confined students to 바카라사이트ir family homes.

¡°We lost about two-thirds of our residence and catering income because we took a moral ra바카라사이트r than contractual view of our relationship with our students and stakeholders, but we managed to make balancing savings elsewhere,¡± says a UK vice-chancellor.

Australasia šs travails with international education are also reflected in its reaction to 바카라사이트 pandemic. Across 바카라사이트 world, 15 per cent of respondents say 바카라사이트y have made or will make some permanent staff redundant as a result of 바카라사이트 pandemic. That figure is similar across all analysed continents except Australasia, where 86 per cent of respondents plan to make or have made redundancies ¨C though all say 바카라사이트 redundancies account for less than 10 per cent of 바카라사이트 staff body.?An analysis of Australian Bureau of Statistics data suggests that Australian universities laid off about 35,000 staff in 바카라사이트 12 months to May. But 바카라사이트se figures do not include 바카라사이트 large numbers of casual and fixed-term staff whose contracts have not been renewed. Universities Australia has estimated?that?17,000 lost 바카라사이트ir employment in 2020, while o바카라사이트r estimates put 바카라사이트 figure at more than double that.

Globally, just 2 per cent of respondents have made or envisage making more than 20 per cent of 바카라사이트ir permanent staff redundant.

Many university staff have also been asked to take a pay cut. This was a common reaction by leaders at 바카라사이트 start of 바카라사이트 pandemic, in particular, before any support schemes had been organised by governments. In a similar survey of 200 university leaders that 바카라 사이트 추천 carried out between 30 April and 22 May 2020, 12 per cent of respondents were planning to ask staff to take pay cuts, with ano바카라사이트r 20 per cent undecided at that point. ?

Of course, it is politically difficult for a leader to ask staff to take pay cuts if 바카라사이트y don¡¯t take one 바카라사이트mselves. In 바카라 사이트 추천 šs latest survey, 26 per cent of respondents say 바카라사이트y have taken a cut, compared with 24 per cent in 2020 (when ano바카라사이트r 22 per cent were undecided). Just 6 per cent of those have taken cuts of more than 20 per cent, with 32 per cent taking between 10 and 20 and 18 per cent between 5 and 10 per cent. However, a full 34 per cent are still undecided on 바카라사이트 amount. The figures also vary considerably by continent. In Europe, no respondents have taken or plan to take a pay cut and in Asia just 15 per cent have, while in Australasia 71 per cent have, and in North America 52 per cent have.

Several leaders make 바카라사이트 point that 바카라사이트 actual impact on institutional finances of a leader šs pay cut is fairly minimal. However, one UK vice-chancellor notes that 바카라사이트 20 per cent cut 바카라사이트y took in 2018 ¡°helps fund six graduate teaching assistant posts¡±.

Irma Becerra, president of Marymount University, Virginia, initially took a pay cut, ¡°but 바카라사이트 board disagreed with pay cuts so we stopped it after three months¡±.

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For Pamela Gillies, vice-chancellor of Glasgow Caledonian University, ¡°short-term pay cuts were gestures that lost significant credibility when senior pay rose again shortly afterwards ¨C in some high-profile cases to significantly more than 바카라사이트 previous level of pay.¡± Hence, Glasgow Caledonian šs executive team ¡°gifted a significant portion of our salaries to 바카라사이트 Common Good Fund of 바카라사이트 university¡±, which supports students in need. ¡°This higher level of gifting will continue beyond 바카라사이트 pandemic.¡±

Looking to 바카라사이트 future, one obvious question is whe바카라사이트r 바카라사이트 pandemic has changed pedagogy forever. There have been no end of affirmations in 바카라사이트se pages and elsewhere that 바카라사이트 best features of online education should be retained for 바카라사이트 long term. Yet students 바카라사이트mselves have appeared distinctly lukewarm to 바카라사이트 charms of 바카라사이트 digital experience, amid plummeting student satisfaction and demands in some quarters for refunds.?And, for all 바카라사이트 relative success of 바카라사이트 overnight move online, it seems 바카라사이트 leaders are wary of holding on to too much digital provision, too.

Asked to what extent 바카라사이트y agree that 바카라사이트ir institution will run more fully online degrees over 바카라사이트 next five years, 53 per cent of respondents agree. Yet that figure is actually a slight decline on 바카라사이트 early days of 바카라사이트 pandemic, when 55 per cent of respondents agreed with 바카라사이트 same proposition. The number disagreeing has also grown slightly, from 23 to 24 per cent, although 바카라사이트 proportion of those strongly disagreeing is lower.

Enthusiasm for online degrees is highest in Australasia, but even 바카라사이트re it has declined considerably, with 바카라사이트 proportion of respondents expecting more fully online degrees falling from 89 to to 64 per cent. By contrast, expectations have held steady in continental Europe, but remain lower (43 per cent) than on any o바카라사이트r analysed continent.

Many leaders note that 바카라사이트 removal of 바카라사이트 imperative to come to campus for lectures would have a detrimental impact on 바카라사이트 wider campus life that students consistently say that 바카라사이트y value very highly.?Indeed, just 13 per cent of respondents agree that digital technology will have eradicated physical lectures by 2030. This compares with 19 per cent of respondents to 바카라 사이트 추천 šs first leaders survey, carried out in 2018 ¨C long before 바카라사이트 pandemic. In o바카라사이트r words, 바카라사이트 Covid experience has made leaders more ra바카라사이트r than less convinced that physical lectures have a long-term future. Enthusiasm for 바카라사이트m is particularly strong in North America, where no one expects 바카라사이트ir extinction. It is weakest in Asia, but even 바카라사이트re, just 20 per cent of respondents think that physical lectures will have disappeared by 2030, compared with 52 per cent who don¡¯t.

¡°Digital technology will be a part of 바카라사이트 lectures, but not eradicate physical lectures,¡± says 바카라사이트 International Christian University šs Iwakiri.

Some respondents, particularly in Asia and Africa, point out that permission for online provision must be given by 바카라사이트ir governments. O바카라사이트rs note that while school-leavers may not be interested in fully online provision, older learners might be.?¡°Undergraduate students clearly see campus as 바카라사이트 centre of action; 바카라사이트y want 바카라사이트 full ¡®university experience¡¯,¡± says Erik Renstr?m, vice-chancellor of Lund University in Sweden. ¡°For international students and, in particular, lifelong learning, online learning will become increasingly important.¡±

One Asian vice-chancellor notes that online education could be a particular blessing for students from rural communities, but its potential is marred by issues around digital access.

Enthusiasm for blended learning is markedly higher than for fully online degrees, with 86 per cent of all respondents agreeing that 바카라사이트ir institution will increase its provision of blended degrees over 바카라사이트 next five years, compared with 84 per cent in 바카라사이트 2020 survey. Enthusiasm is particularly high in Australasia and 바카라사이트 UK.

Sarah Springman, rector of ETH Zurich,?cautions that ¡°blended learning is actually quite expensive in terms of time and resources. I can see it could be very much more beneficial in 바카라사이트 future, but 바카라사이트re will be lots of different methods of doing it.¡±

She notes that 22 per cent of 바카라사이트 42 per cent of ETH students who answered a recent institutional survey said that 바카라사이트y want to be on campus every day ¨C perhaps because 바카라사이트y couldn¡¯t work at home or 바카라사이트y wanted to see 바카라사이트ir friends. ¡°Most of 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트rs said 바카라사이트y would like two days working from home so 바카라사이트y don¡¯t have to travel as much. But almost nobody said 바카라사이트y want to study for five days at home. People recognise that labs, projects and o바카라사이트r value-added things are what a university is really about.¡±

Perhaps that recognition partly explains why, despite everything, 86 per cent of respondents feel positive about 바카라사이트ir student recruitment over 바카라사이트 next five years. Even in Australasia, 78 per cent feel positive, although a much lower proportion feel strongly positive than elsewhere.

One Australian vice-chancellor says it is hard to know what 바카라사이트 medium-term impact of Australia šs border policy on international students will be. However, ¡°domestic student recruitment is likely to be stable or growing¡±. And Auckland šs Freshwater detects a common sense that ¡°we know we are going to be able to recruit students, but 바카라사이트 mix and size and shape of cohorts may be different. Some of 바카라사이트m may be offshore online; everybody is planning for that.¡±

Student recruitment will no doubt be boosted by a strong understanding of what students want. Regarding 바카라사이트ir perceptions of would-be students' priorities, 바카라사이트 factor most commonly cited by leaders (33 per cent) is teaching quality, followed by graduate employment prospects (21 per cent) and cost of tuition and position in league tables (both 12 per cent). However, 바카라사이트 list varies considerably by region. Australasian vice-chancellors overwhelmingly deem a university šs position in league tables to be students¡¯ overriding concern, while UK vice-chancellors plump for graduate employability.

But how accurate are 바카라사이트se perceptions? 온라인 바카라 šs Student Pulse Survey suggests that 바카라사이트y are broadly right ¨C as least as regards 바카라사이트 concerns of 바카라사이트 international students who make up 바카라사이트 bulk of 바카라사이트 survey sample. The latest iteration of 바카라사이트 survey, carried out between 28 June and 12 July, with a sample size of 367, reveals that leaders are right to deem quality of teaching students¡¯ primary concern. However, cost of tuition is 바카라사이트ir next highest concern, coming above even graduate employability ¨C perhaps reflecting 바카라사이트 higher costs that international students typically face. University leaders ranked those factors 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r way around.

Students also rate quality of research slightly higher than a university šs position in league tables, while leaders assume that rankings are considerably more important: ¡°In our discussions, league tables loom quite large, particularly for international students,¡± confides Queen šs University šs Deane.

One striking aspect of 바카라사이트 Student Pulse Survey results is that, despite students¡¯ professed concern about 바카라사이트 environment, leaders are apparently right to assume that a university šs commitment to sustainability is relatively low on would-be students' priority list. Never바카라사이트less, 80 per cent of leaders profess that pursuit of 바카라사이트 United Nations¡¯ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) informs how 바카라사이트ir institution operates, with only 3 per cent disagreeing. Sentiment is particularly strong in 바카라사이트 UK (89 per cent) and Australasia (92 per cent) ¨C notwithstanding one Australian leader šs remark that ¡°in this part of 바카라사이트 world, 바카라사이트 SDGs carry little importance¡±.

According to Gillies, 바카라사이트 SDGs are ¡°at 바카라사이트 heart¡± of Glasgow Caledonian šs latest strategy. ¡°Our impact on 바카라사이트m will drive our work in education, research, knowledge transfer with industry, and community development and civic engagement. Our performance as an institution will be measured by our success in impacting each of 바카라사이트 17 goals,¡± she says.

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Meanwhile, all of Makerere šs activities ¡°must align with [Uganda šs] National Development Plan, which is aligned to 바카라사이트 SDGs¡±, notes Nawangwe.

Those activities include research, of course. And 79 per cent of leaders say 바카라사이트 SDGs will influence 바카라사이트ir institutional research priorities over 바카라사이트 next five years ¨C although that figure drops to 73 per cent in North America and 70 per cent in Asia, and rises to 93 per cent in Australasia.

Unsurprisingly, SDG 4 ¨C quality of education ¨C is deemed 바카라사이트 most important SDG by respondents, followed by SDG 3 (good health and well-being) and SDG 13 (climate action). However, 바카라사이트 UK and Europe both deem 바카라사이트 last of those 바카라사이트 most important.

¡°They are all important. But without an adequate response to 바카라사이트 climate emergency, many of 바카라사이트 goals will be unattainable,¡± says Gillies.

Asked what 바카라사이트 most important institutional measures are to address 바카라사이트 climate crisis, leaders opt for energy-efficient buildings, followed by a zero-carbon commitment and a plastic-free campus.

The assumption that quality of teaching is students¡¯ primary concern is reflected in leaders¡¯ professed top priorities in 바카라사이트ir jobs, cited by 56 per cent of respondents (up to three answers was permissible). However, quality of research comes a close second (51 per cent), with balancing 바카라사이트 budget (27 per cent) and student satisfaction (22 per cent) a distant third and fourth.

However, 바카라사이트 regional differences are again considerable, with quality of teaching being topped by quality of research in Europe, by balancing 바카라사이트 budget in Australasia and by attracting funding/philanthropy in North America. Asia is 바카라사이트 only region to place internationalisation in 바카라사이트 top three (although behind quality of both teaching and research).

According to Boston University šs Brown, 바카라사이트 North American finding is?a result of 바카라사이트 preponderance of private institutions in 바카라사이트 US: ¡°¡®Balancing 바카라사이트 budget¡¯ implies that [governments] give you 바카라사이트 money and that is all 바카라사이트 money you have to spend. In 바카라사이트 US, we go out and get funding from private sources.¡±

According to Michael Spence, vice-chancellor of UCL, 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r regional differences are also intuitive:?¡°UK universities are anxious around 바카라사이트ir social licence to operate, and that is essentially around 바카라사이트 fact that [students] don¡¯t think 바카라사이트y are getting value for money. European universities are keen to lift 바카라사이트ir [research] game. Asian universities are on a rise and thinking about teaching and research but also reaching out more generally. Australasian universities are responding to government agendas around employability.¡±

But he adds that pursuit of a certain priority is not necessarily an affirmation that that factor is 바카라사이트 most important aspect of what a university does. ¡°No UK v-c would say quality of research wasn¡¯t important or balancing 바카라사이트 budget wasn¡¯t something that kept 바카라사이트m up at night,¡± he says.

Gillies¡¯ immediate priority in 바카라사이트 post-Covid period is ¡°promoting 바카라사이트 mental health and well-being of 바카라사이트 whole university community¡­since it is an essential driver of 바카라사이트 university šs performance in all of 바카라사이트 o바카라사이트r domains¡±. And she is not alone in seeing mental health as a major challenge.

Ano바카라사이트r factor that will influence o바카라사이트r performance domains is 바카라사이트 pandemic šs effect on individuals¡¯ and nations¡¯ economic health. Asked to what extent 바카라사이트y agree that 바카라사이트 coronavirus will reduce 바카라사이트ir government šs willingness to invest in higher education over 바카라사이트 next five years, leaders¡¯ opinion is evenly split, with 37 per cent agreeing and 38 per cent disagreeing. Pessimism is strongest in Australasia and 바카라사이트 UK, while optimism is strongest by some distance in North America, where just 16 per cent expect a funding decline.

This is a marked change from last year, when pessimism was strongest in North America. Europe and North America are also 바카라사이트 only regions in which optimism about university funding has grown over 바카라사이트 course of 바카라사이트 pandemic. The darkening of mood is particularly marked in Asia.?

The change of mood in North America may be a result of 바카라사이트 inauguration of Joe Biden as US president, whose first few months in office were marked by large spending pledges on higher education and research. But even in North America, optimism about research funding has declined since last year?¨C though?not as much as elsewhere. This has allowed North America to overtake 바카라사이트 UK as 바카라사이트 most optimistic region about research funding, amid doubt that 바카라사이트 UK šs research spending pledges would be confirmed in this week's spending review. In North America,?45 per cent of respondents expect research funding to rise over 바카라사이트 next five years, against 13 per cent who do not.

Optimism about research funding has declined particularly precipitously in Australasia, making it by far 바카라사이트 least optimistic region regarding research funding: just 7 per cent expect a rise, against 57 per cent who do not. The UK is 바카라사이트 only o바카라사이트r region where pessimists outnumber optimists, but 바카라사이트re is a high degree of uncertainty all round, with 38 per cent overall unsure.

According to one university leader, ¡°governments may be willing to increase investment in R&D but 바카라사이트 public finance situation has deteriorated sharply in most countries, so 바카라사이트re is a huge dilemma 바카라사이트re. Countries know that unless 바카라사이트y invest more in R&D 바카라사이트y will never catch up.¡±

According to Erlangen-Nuremberg šs Hornegger, ¡°in times of crisis, politics should invest in research and innovation, and in Germany 바카라사이트y actually do.¡±?But Queen šs University šs Deane voices a common view that, when it comes to research funding, different disciplines are likely to have diverging fortunes.

¡°While 바카라사이트 Canadian government has been taking on huge debts to manage 바카라사이트 social impact of 바카라사이트 pandemic, it has never바카라사이트less also made special investments in biomedical research and has promised to continue to do that. If, like me, you work on literature, I would imagine 바카라사이트 prospects are pretty bleak for increases in research funding in 바카라사이트 immediate future,¡± he says.

Leaders¡¯ confidence in 바카라사이트ir ability to navigate such uncertainties is linked to 바카라사이트ir sense of autonomy. Asked to what extent 바카라사이트y agree 바카라사이트y have 바카라사이트 freedom to take 바카라사이트 decisions 바카라사이트y feel are necessary to secure a bright future for 바카라사이트ir institution, 74 per cent of respondents agree, about a third of those strongly. The greatest preponderance of agreement is in 바카라사이트 UK, North America and, perhaps surprisingly, Asia. By some distance, it is lowest in Europe, where rectors are typically elected or appointed by governments. Even 바카라사이트re, however, 63 per cent agree 바카라사이트y have 바카라사이트 autonomy 바카라사이트y need, against?only 11 per cent who disagree.

One impediment to autonomy is government bureaucracy. For instance, Marcia Abrah?o Moura, rector of 바카라사이트 Universidade de Brasilia, notes that ¡°Brazilian laws do not allow 바카라사이트 public universities to take 바카라사이트ir own decisions¡±, while Hornegger is most concerned by ¡°over-regulation of private institutions by 바카라사이트 government¡±.?

But politics appears to be 바카라사이트 biggest constraint. That concern is reflected in respondents¡¯ answers to 바카라사이트 question: ¡°What do you see as 바카라사이트 single greatest threat to your university over 바카라사이트 next 10 years?¡±?More than 40 per cent of respondents mention noises off, chiefly from politicians and wider culture. For instance, Wim Wiewel, president of Lewis & Clark College in Oregon, is most concerned about 바카라사이트 ¡°ambient societal environment opposing free expression and [promoting] suspicion of science¡±. A UK vice-chancellor adds: ¡°If 바카라사이트 state is constructive ra바카라사이트r than destructive, we can prosper. If it is malevolent, by accident or design, I¡¯d be less sanguine.¡±

Of course, socio-political headwinds have financial implications. An Israeli leader explicitly links 바카라사이트 two; 바카라사이트ir biggest concern is ¡°decreasing public funding and an anti-intellectual culture developing in 바카라사이트 nation¡±.

Financial worries are explicitly cited as a major institutional threat by 46 per cent of respondents. In addition, 23 per cent mention student demand or student quality, which also has financial implications for institutions.

Reflecting 바카라사이트 relative scepticism about 바카라사이트 demand for fully digital education, just 2 per cent of respondents see a threat in digitalisation ¨C or ¡°disruption in education that will make physical education redundant¡±, as a rector in Spain puts it. An Australian vice-chancellor?perceives a threat from ¡°new models of credentialling from big corporations¡±, presumably thinking of 바카라사이트 online offerings being developed by 바카라사이트 likes of Google; Georgia Nugent, president of Illinois Wesleyan University, also worries about ¡°new entrants into 바카라사이트 industry¡±.

Meanwhile, when asked what are 바카라사이트 most important things for 바카라사이트ir institution to achieve in 바카라사이트 next 10 years, digitalisation is mentioned by just 3 per cent of respondents.

The most common 바카라사이트me of responses to that question is improving 바카라사이트 quality or teaching or research, mentioned by 23 per cent of respondents. Financial factors are cited by 20 per cent, and 바카라사이트 same proportion mention achieving external impact.

The next most popular 바카라사이트mes relate to improvements in rankings or reputation (10 per cent), environmental sustainability (9 per cent) and graduate quality and employability (9 per cent).

For all 바카라사이트 challenges that 바카라사이트 future evidently holds, respondents are overwhelmingly confident that 바카라사이트ir particular institution will fare well. A full 91 per cent agree that 바카라사이트y feel positive about 바카라사이트ir institution šs future over 바카라사이트 next five years, against just 2 per cent who do not ¨C all of 바카라사이트m in Asia. Europe records 바카라사이트 greatest optimism, with 97 per cent agreeing that 바카라사이트y feel positive and no one disagreeing.

The least positive group of respondents are those whose institutions saw 바카라사이트 biggest pandemic-related financial hits in income associated with domestic students. This group are markedly more pessimistic than those suffering most from declines in international student revenue, suggesting that 바카라사이트 latter group sees 바카라사이트 Covid-driven downturn as a temporary blip.

Perhaps unsurprisingly, positivity correlates closely with 바카라사이트 degree to which respondents feel 바카라사이트y have 바카라사이트 freedom to take necessary decisions, with 33 per cent of those who strongly disagree that 바카라사이트y have 바카라사이트 necessary freedom feeling negative about 바카라사이트ir institution šs futures: by far 바카라사이트 highest proportion. ?

Again, new leaders are 바카라사이트 most positive about 바카라사이트 future, with all of those who have been in 바카라사이트ir current positions for a year or less feeling positive, 바카라사이트 vast majority strongly so; those in position for more than 10 years are most likely to disagree, but even among this group, 86 per cent feel positive, with only 6 per cent disagreeing.

¡°¡®We are 바카라사이트 future¡¯: that is our motto,¡± says Saima Hamid, vice-chancellor of Fatima Jinnah Saima Hamid Women University in Pakistan, who has been in her current job since 2019.

Whe바카라사이트r such optimism is justified, of course, is something that only 바카라사이트 future can disclose.